Development Nature and Nurture Nature Nurture Interaction PILLAR 2 DEVELOPMENT Course Definition Facts Change over time involving both grown and decline A pattern of continuity and change in capabilities 1 Definition in your own words 2 Applied example or 3 Use of the term in a unique personal sentence Development is a continuous process through which physical emotional and intellectual changes occur Sentence the development of human being s cognitive emotional intellectual and social capabilities and functioning over the course of normal life span Nature is what we think of as pre writing and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception Ex the product of exposure life experiences and learning on an individual Resilience Dendritic Spreading Resilience is the process of adapting well in the face of adversity trauma tragedy threats or significant source of stress Ex family and relationship problems serious health problems etc Dendrites are tree like extensions at the beginning of a neuron that help increase the surface area of the cell body Sentence Dendrites receive information from other neurons and transmit electrical stimulation to the stoma Any combination of influences from both environment and genes The degree to which the environment can affect behavior can depend on genes present Nature genes biology Nurture environment experience The ability to adapt to and recover from changes and or difficulties experienced especially early in life Increase in synaptic connections associations in the brain Facilitated by plasticity of the brain opportunities to learn lead to neural development The ability to explore the environment due to typical motor development gives the opportunities for many new novel experiences learning Cognitive Development Assimilation Making new information simply fit into your existing understanding Assimilation is the cognitive process of making new information fit in with your existing understanding of the world Ex a two year old s schema of a tree is green and big with bark but over time the child adds information some trees lose their leaves some trees have names we use a tree at Christmas etc 2021 22 GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY PSYCHOLOGY 1101 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Accommodation Adjusting your current old understanding to in order to properly incorporate the new information Piaget s Stages of Cognitive Development Accommodation refers to the part of the adaptation process It involves altering one s existing schemas or ideas as a result of new information or new experiences Ex a child may have a schema for birds feathers flying etc and then they see a plane which also flies but would not fit into their bird schema Piaget s stage focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge but also on understanding the nature of intelligence Sensorimotor stage birth to 2 years Preoperational stage ages 2 to 7 Concrete operational stage ages 7 to 11 Formal operational stage ages 12 and up Emphasis on internal origin of schemas conceptual ideas on how things work in the world Quali tative differences NOT Quantitative differences Changes that occur in cognitive development are differences in KIND being able to do something in a different way not just DEGREE to which you can do the same thing Understanding of the world that is based solely on senses The awareness knowledge that objects continue to exist even when out of view Out of sight NOT out of mind Acquired by the end of the sensorimotor stage Understanding of the world based on limited very personal mental representations mental pictures ideas of things not currently present Illogical Thinking Qualities listed below begin to develop throughout this stage The principles that physical properties of mass volume and number remain the same despite perceived changes in shape Sensorimotor Stage 0 2 years old Object Permanence Preoperational Stage 2 7 years old The sensorimotor stage is the first stage of your child s life It begins at birth and lasts through age 2 During this period the child learns about the world by using their sense to interact with their surroundings In this stage the baby can understand that things they can t see still exist The development of object permanence helps the child reach other milestones like memory development The preoperational stage is the second stage of cognitive development This stage begins around age 2 as children start to talk and lasts until approximately age 7 Children begin to engage in symbolic play and learn to manipulate symbols Conservation The scientific study of the reciprocal relationships between humans and the rest of nature with the goal of encouraging conservation of the natural world Egocentrism Difficulty taking another s point 2021 22 GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY PSYCHOLOGY 1101 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY The cognitive shortcomings that underlie the failure in both children and of view both physically and mentally Symbolic Thinking Understanding that objects can Concrete Operational Stage 7 11 years old adults to recognize the idiosyncratic nature of one s knowledge or the subjective nature of one s perceptions The capacity to use mental representation This can be images of objects or actions held in our mind or language where words represent our thoughts and ideas The concrete operational stage is the third stage in Piaget s theory of cognitive development This period spans the time of middle childhood it begins around age 7 and continues until approximately age 11 and is characterized by the development of logical thought Formal Operational Stage 12 years old The formal operational stage is characterized by the ability to formulate hypotheses and systematically test them to arrive at an answer to a problem Abstract Hypothetical Deductive Reasoning The ability to understand concepts that are real such as freedom or vulnerability but which are not directly tied to concrete physical objects and experiences Ex a great example of abstract thinking at work is humor Vygotsky s Theory of Cognitive Development Scaffolding This theory argues that cognitive abilities are socially guided and constructed As such culture serves as a mediator for the formation and development of specific abilities such as learning memory attention and problem solving be represented with symbols and gestures Understanding of the world incorporating for the first
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