PILLAR 3: COGNITION – MEMORYCourse Definition/Facts(1) Definition in your own words, (2) Applied example, or(3) Use of the term in a unique, personal sentenceMemory - Active retention of information or experience over time culminating from encoding, storage and retrieval processesThe faculty of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.Sentence: The three stages of memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval.Processes of MemoryEncoding - Taking information in (requires attention)- LearningEncoding is defined as the initial learning of information.For example, a word which is seen (in a book) may be stored if it is changed (encoded) into a sound or a meaning.Storage - Retaining information- Keeping information activeStorage refers to maintaining information over time.For example, if a group of participants are given a list of words to remember, and then asked to recall the fourth word on the list, participants go through the list in the order they heard it in order to retrieve the information.Retrieval - Getting information out of memory storage [either recall or recognition]Retrieval is the ability to access information when you need it.Recalling the memory of your son drinking juice is an example of retrieval.Attention - Ability to take something into awareness (focusing mental resources)- e.g. selective, divided, sustainedThe concentration of awareness on some phenomenon to the exclusion of other stimuli.For example, times when an individual has difficulty concentrating attention on a task, a conversation, or a set of events.Levels of Processing - Continuum of attentional effort from shallow to deep, resulting inbetter memory the deeper information is processedThe theory proposes that humans undertake three levels of processing, shallow intermediate or deep, when dealing with verbal information.Sentence: The difference in how people attend to information forms the basisfor Craik and Lockhart's levels of processing model.Elaboration - Formation of multiple different connections around a stimulus during encoding- Self-Reference effect : improved memory for material connected to your own experience (more connections and more meaningful connections)Elaboration is a cognitive learning strategy that involves any enhancement of information that clarifies or specifies the relationship between information to-be-learned and related information.Example: a learner's prior knowledge and experience or contiguously presented information.© 2021-22 GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY – PSYCHOLOGY 1101: INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY- Imagery : mental imagery (using pictures) creates more connections and improves memory; dual-code hypothesis3-Stage Model of Memory /Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory of Memory1. Sensory Memory - Holding sensory information in original form for an instant; system for creating perceptual continuity- Very brief buffer for all information perceived- Duration = a few milliseconds- Capacity = unlimited [constrainedby attention]Sensory memory is one of several memory types that make up your ability to process and recall what you see.Sentence: Sensory memory is a brief precursor to short-term memory that allows you to process and recall the sensations you take in.2. Short Term / Working Memory- STM = maintaining information for immediate use- Duration = 30-45 sec- Capacity 7±2 items- WM = manipulation and integration of information being encoded with existing knowledge- WM model is like an “updated” version of STM emphasizing the effort required to maintain and integration with LTMShort-term memory acts as a kind of “scratch-pad” for temporary recall of theinformation which is being processed at any point in time, and has been referred to as "the brain's Post-it note”.Example of working memory tasks could include holding a person's address inmind while listening to instructions about how to get there.3. Long Term Memory - Permanent storage- Duration = unlimited- Capacity = unlimitedLong-term memory refers to unlimited storage information to be maintained for long periods, even for life.Examples of long term memory include recollection of an important day in the distant past (early birthday, graduation, etc.)Long-Term Memory Systems1. Declarative/Explicit Memory - Memory system that requires conscious attention for encoding to occurDeclarative or explicit memory is devoted to processing of names, dates, places, facts, events, and so forth.Sentence: Declarative memory is specialized for fast processing and learning.Semantic Memory - Memory for factual information Semantic memory refers to our general world knowledge that encompasses memory for concepts, facts, and the meanings of words and other symbolic units that constitute formal communication systems such as language or math.© 2021-22 GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY – PSYCHOLOGY 1101: INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PSYCHOLOGYExample: include factual information such as grammar and algebra.Episodic Memory - Memory for events in our life Episodic memory is defined as the ability to recall and mentally re-experience specific episodes from one's personal past.Your memories of your first day of school, your first kiss, attending a friend's birthday party.2. Implicit Memory - Memory system wherein information is implicitly encoded with no effort or attentionImplicit memory is a type of long-term memory related to the impact that activities and experiences can have on your behavior.Some examples of implicit memory include singing a familiar song, typing on your computer keyboard.Procedural Memory - Memory for skills or procedures- Implicitly encoded- Difficult to trace steps by which learning takes place and difficult to teachIt is the memory of how to do certain things.Examples: riding a bike, tying your shoes, and cooking an omelet are all examples of procedural memories.Priming - Activation of information already in storage that helps encoding of related new information better and faster- Getting a memory “ready” to be utilized or more completely retrievedPriming is a technique in which the introduction of one stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus.Example: if a child sees a bag of candy next to a red bench, they might begin looking for or thinking about candy the next time they see a bench.Organization & StorageChunking - Creating meaningful units of information to reduce the number of items to be remembered- 2b3c1a abc & 123Chunking is the recoding of smaller units of information into larger,
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