PILLAR 5: CLINICAL - PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERSClass Definition/Facts(1) Definition in your own words, (2) Applied example, or(3) Use of the term in a unique, personal sentencePsychopathology - Scientific study of mental illness/psychological disorders - Abnormal behaviors (what is normal?)The scientific study of mental disorders.Some examples of disorders listed in DSM-5 include major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, paranoid personality disorder, and social anxiety.Mental Health Disorders - Clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion, or behavior- To be classified as a disorder, behavior must be: Distressful, Dysfunctional/Maladaptive and DeviantMental disorders are conditions that affect your thinking, feeling, mood, andbehavior. Sentence: anxiety disorders are the most common mental illness in the U.S.Distress - Causing emotional and/or physicalpain (or causing pain in others)Distress refers to non-specific symptoms of stress, anxiety and depression.Examples: fatigue, sadness, anxiety, avoidance of social situations.Dysfunctional/Maladaptive - Interfering with what you want or need to do- Getting in the way of survivalBehavior that interferes with an individual’s activities of daily living or ability to adjust to and participate in settings.Sentence: maladaptive behaviors are those that stop you from adapting to new or difficult circumstances.Deviant - Statistically Irregular or atypical- Relative to the population (and/or other times in your life) the behaviors are “out of the norm” inseverity and/or frequency- Anything outside of the range of “normal” or “average”Deviant behavior is any behavior that is contrary to the dominant norms of society. Sentence: psychologists believe that individual human beings are solely responsible for their criminal or deviant acts. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ofMental Disorders (DSM-V)- Dimensional “checklist” for diagnosis of disorders taking into account the severity and frequency of symptoms- Classification and labeling system for psychological disordersDSM-V is a manual for assessment and diagnosis of mental disorders and does not include information or guidelines for treatment of any disorder. Sentence: the primary purpose of DSM-5 is to assist trained clinicians in the diagnosis of their patients’ mental disorders as part of a case formulation assessment that leads to a fully informed treatment plan for each individual.Biopsychosocial ModelDiathesis-Stress Model - Explains the probability of development of symptoms as a the theory that mental and physical disorders develop from a genetic or biological predisposition for that illness (diathesis) combined with stressful © 2021-22 GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY – PSYCHOLOGY 1101: INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PSYCHOLOGYresult of the gene-environment interaction- Having a genetic predisposition AND environmental trauma/stressthat contributes to symptomsconditions that play a precipitating or facilitating role.Diathesis - Vulnerability to a disorder- Vulnerability = genetic predisposition + trauma/stressThe theory that mental and physical disorders develop from a genetic or biological predisposition for that illness combined with stressful conditions that plays precipitating or facilitating role.Example: include genetic factors, such as abnormalities in some genes or variations in multiple genes that interact to increases vulnerability. Genetic Predisposition - Traits coding for tendencies toward behavioral/mental characteristics- For disorders: genes may “put youin the range” of being more susceptible or affected by environmental influencesA tendency for certain traits to be inherited, including physical and mental conditions and disorders. Example: with cancer, a person may be more likely than average to develop one type or several types of cancer, and if cancer occurs, it may develop at a younger age than is average for people without a genetic susceptibility. Anxiety Disorders(disorders of the stress response)Generalized Anxiety Disorder - Sustained heightened awareness (6+ months) for unexplained reasons - Prolonged alarm phase of the stress response (autonomic nervous system arousal)Involves persistent and excessive worry that interferes with daily activities.Example: you may feel intense worry about your safety or that your loved ones, or you may have a general sense that something bad is about to happen. Panic Disorder - Momentary, severe, uncontrolled stress responsePanic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder, it causes panic attacks, which aresudden feelings of terror when there is no real danger. Example: people worry that they will faint, embarrass themselves, have a heart attack, etc.Specific Phobias - Fear of (heightened alarm reactiontoward) specific stimuli- May be learned through Classical ConditioningOverwhelming and unreasonable fear of objects or situations that pose little real danger but provoke anxiety and avoidance.Example: one may have a fear of medical or dental visits, heights, flying, etc.[role of Classical Conditioning in Phobias]- CS-US pairing occurs based on personal experience or information- US is usually some imminently threatening object or situation- UR = actual pain / uncomfortable Emphasizes the importance of learning from the environment, and supports nurture over nature. Example: the repeated use of a drug could cause the body to compensate forit, in an effort to counterbalance the effects of the drug.© 2021-22 GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY – PSYCHOLOGY 1101: INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PSYCHOLOGYfeeling- CR = fearObsessive-Compulsive Disorder(OCD)- Unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) or actions (compulsions)A disorder in which people have recurring, unwanted thoughts, ideas or sensations that make them feel free driven to do something repetitively. Example: fear of being contaminated by touching objects others have touched. Trauma DisorderPost-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - Intrusive and/or uncontrolled thoughts of experienced trauma that bring about anxiety attacks ormore generalized anxietyA disorder that develops in some people who have experienced a shocking, scary, dangerous event. Example: events that can trigger post-trauma stress disorder include wars, crimes, fires, accidents, death of a loved one, or abuse of some form. [role of Classical ConditioningIn PTSD]- Thoughts/anxiety caused by CS that was paired with US trauma- UR is the anxiety/fear experiencedduring the actual traumaPtsd learning models
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