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Chapter 8 Study Guide- Nature vs. Nurtureo Nature- reference to a person’s biological inheritance, especially his or her geneso Nurture- an individual’s environmental and social experiences- Resilience- a person’s ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times- Life themes- there are three domains of life.o Physical processes- changes in an individual’s biological nature. Genes inherited from parents, the hormonal changes of puberty, and menopause, and changes throughout life in the brain, height and weight, and motor skills all reflect the developmental role of biological processeso Cognitive processes- involve changes in an individual’s thought, intelligence and language. Observing a colorful mobile as it swings above a crib, constructing a sentence about the future, imagining oneself as a contestant on the X Factor or as president of the United States, memorizing aphone number-these activities reflect the role of cognitive processes in developmento Socioemotional processes- involves changes in an individual’s relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality. An infant’s smile in response to her mother’s touch, a girl’s development of assertiveness, an adolescent’s joy at the senior prom, a young man’s aggressiveness in a sport, and an older couple’s affection for each other all reflect the role of socioemotional processes- Stages of prenatal developmento Germinal period- weeks 1 and 2: begins with conception, after 1 week and many cell divisions, the zygote is made up of 100 too 150 cells. By the end of 2 weeks, the mass ofcells has attached to the uterine wallo Embryonic period: weeks 3 through 8: the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells develop, and the beginning of organs appear In the third week, the neural tube, which eventually becomes the spinal cord, starts to take shape. Within the first 28 days after conception, the neural tube is formed and closes,encased inside the embryo. Problems in neural tube development can lead to defects. By the end of this period,the heart begins to beat, the arms and legs become more differentiated, the face starts to form, and the intestinal tract appearso Fetal(fetus) period: months 2 through 9: The fetus grows from about the size of a kidney bean at 2 months, to full size by month 9. The last three months of pregnancy are the time when organ functioning increases, and the fetus puts on considerable weight, adding baby fat. The average newborn weighs about 7 pounds- Zygote- a single cell with 23 chromosome from the mother and 23 chromosomes from the father- Teratogen- any agent that causes a birth defect. They include chemical substances ingested by the mother as well as certain illnesses.- Preferential looking- a research technique that involves givingan infant a choice of what object to look at. If an infant shows a reliable preference for one stimulus over another when these arerepeatedly presented in differing locations, we can infer that the infant can tell the two images apart- Habituation- a form of learning in which an organism decreasesor ceases to respond to a stimulus after repeated presentations- Puberty- a period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence- Amygdala- involved in processing information about emotion- Prefrontal cortex- involved in higher-order cognitive functioning, such as decision making- Cellular-clock theory- Leonard Hayflick’s view that cells can divide a maximum of about 100 times and that, as we age, our cells become less capable of dividing- Lateralization- the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the brain or the other- Free-radical theory- states that people age because unstable oxygen molecules known as ‘free radicals’ are produced inside their cells- Hormonal Stress Theory- argues that aging in the body’s hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease- Erikson’s stages of socioemotional development- from Erikson’s perspective each stage represents the developmental task that the individual must master at a particular place in their life span. Each stage is viewed as a turning point that results in one of two possible outcomes, greater personal competence or greater weakness and vulnerabilityEight StagesName Age CharacteristicsTrust vs. MistrustBirth to 1½ yearsA sense of trust requires a feeling of physical comfort and minima amount of fear about the future. Infants’ basic needs are met by responsive, sensitive caregiversAutonomy vs. Shame and Doubt1½ to 3 years After gaining trust in their caregivers, infants start to discover that they have a will of their own. They assert their sense of autonomy, or independence. They realize their will. If infants are restrained too harshly, they are likely to develop a sense of shame and doubtInitiative vs. GuiltAges 3-5 They encounter a widening social world, are challenged more and need to develop purposeful behavior to cope with these challenges. Asked to assume more responsibility. Guilt may arise if unable to copeIndustry vs. Inferiority6 years- pubertyVery enthusiastic, imaginative. Energy directed towards mastering knowledge and intellectual skills. Danger at this stage involves feeling incompetent and unproductiveIdentity vs. Identity Confusion10-20 years Faced with finding out who they are, what they are all about and where they are going in life. Important dimension is the exploration of alternative solutions to roles. Career exploration is important. Intimacy vs. Isolation20s,30s Individuals face developmental taskof forming intimate relationships with others. Generativity vs. Stagnation40s,50s Chief concern is to assist younger generation in developing and leading useful lives.Integrity vs. Despair60s+ Individuals look back and evaluate what they have done with their lives. The retrospective glances canbe either positive (integrity) or negative (despair).- Piaget’s stages of cognitive development- according to Piaget we go through four stages in understanding the world. o Sensorimotor stage- birth-2 years; infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiments with motor (physical) actions. By the end of the stage 2 year olds show complex sensorimotor patterns and are beginning to use symbols or words I their thinking Object permanence- understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot


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GSU PSYC 1101 - Chapter 8 Study Guide

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