The Nervous System Plasticity Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System PILLAR 1 BIOLOGICAL BRAIN BEHAVIOR Course Definition Facts 1 Definition in your own words 2 Applied example or 3 Use of the term in a unique personal sentence The ability of the nervous system to change its activity in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structures functions or connections Ex an area of the brain that is devoted to movement of the left leg Comprised of the brain and the spinal cord receives sensory information from the nervous systems and controls the body s responses Sentence Messages from the brain are carried by the central nervous system The division of the nervous system containing all the nerves that lie outside of the central nervous system Sentence Brain cells can give rise to all previous cells types including the peripheral nervous system and smooth muscle Neural Networks Neurons A technique for modeling the neural changes in the brain that underlie cognition and perception in which a large number of simple hypothetical neural units are connected to one another Ex in the case of facial recognition the brain might start with is it female or male A nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system Sentence Sleep is not exhaustion of the neuron in the sense that prolonged activity has reduced its excitability to zero Cells which are non neuronal and are located within the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons Ex microglia radial cells ependymal cells Glial cells Cells that support life functions of neurons provide nutritional benefit to keep neurons alive 2021 22 GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY PSYCHOLOGY 1101 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY That ability of the nervous system to adapt and change throughout life Experience allows for the formation of new connections making new paths for processing Interprets and initiates behavior Brain spinal cord involuntary function voluntary motor action active during times Collects information from the environment and sends to brain afferent nerves Carries out behaviors efferent nerves Autonomic Somatic Sympathetic of danger or stress Parasympathetic normal functioning calms stress responses Interconnected webs of neurons that integrate sensory input and motor output Characteristic networks or patterns of firing that are created through experience Cells specialized for information processing active during Dendrite Axon Myelin Sheath Synapse Part of the neuron that receives information from other neurons or the sensory system listens Part of the neuron that sends electrical messages speaks Layer of fatty tissue surrounding the length of the axon Important in retaining the electrical signal within the axon Empty space between two neurons where they connect Action Potential Electric Signaling Tree like extensions at the beginning of a neuron that help increase the surface area of the cell body Sentence Each neuron has 128 basal dendritic segments The long thin hollow cylindrical extension of a neuron that normally carries a nerve impulse away from the cell body Sentence Axons are in effect the primary transmission lines of the nervous system and as bundles they help make up nerves A substance which is found on neurons within the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system Sentence Myelin sheath is the protective layer that wraps around the axons of neurons to aid in insulating the neurons the small gap between two neurons where nerve impulses are relayed by a neurotransmitter from the axon of a presynaptic neuron to the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron Sentence Synapses are also important within the brain and play a vital role in the process of memory formation An action potential occurs when a neuron transmits an electrical charge down its axon which terminates in the release of chemical signals in the form of neurotransmitters Sentence Each action potential takes just a few milliseconds also called spike potential once an Signal caused by the movement of positive ions across the axon membrane through sodium potassium channels movement of Na from outside to inside the axon and then back out again All or nothing principle electrical impulse is initiated reaching a required charge threshold it moves all the way down an axon at the same intensity Chemicals that must cross the synapse in order for a signal to be transmitted from one neuron to another Excitatory signaling to a post synaptic neuron causes the signal to be transmitted from one neuron to activates or speeds up Neurotransmitters Chemical Signaling A chemical messenger that carries boosts and balances signals between neurons and target cells through out the body Ex amino acids peptides purines 2021 22 GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY PSYCHOLOGY 1101 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY deactivates or slows the next Inhibitory down signaling to a post synaptic neuron can stop a signal from being transmitted to the next neuron The lowest in position and rear part of the brain and evolutionarily oldest Supports life functions includes medulla pons and cerebellum Brain Structures Hindbrain The hindbrain coordinates functions that are fundamental to survival including respiratory rhythm motor activity sleep and wakefulness Sentence The hindbrain is composed of the medulla the pons and the cerebellum Medulla Cardio and respiratory function Reflex responsiveness Automatic survival functions The medulla is a structure of the brain located in the brain stem Sentence The medulla is primarily responsible for breathing heart rate blood pressure and coughing Pons Respiration consciousness and sleep a part of the brainstem lying between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata appearing as a swelling on the ventral surface of the brainstem Sentence It consists of bundles of transverse ascending and descending nerve fibers and nuclei including facial nerve nuclei Cerebellum Balance and fine tuning of movement motor coordination The cerebellum is a major structure of the hindbrain that is located near the brainstem Sentence This part of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements Thalamus Sensory relay Intersection and integration point for all sensory systems The thalamus is a small structure within the brain located just above the brain stem between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain and has extensive nerve connections to both Sentence The primary function of the
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