1 8 27 2012 Chapter 2 The Cell Lots of difference cells Plasmalemma separates cell contents cytoplasm from extracellular fluid lipid bilayer phospholipids proteins CHO carbohydrate steroids Isolates protects cell Regulates entrance and exit of materials Cytoplasm all the materials inside the cell Cytosol intracellular fluid o Contains waste nutrients ions proteins o Distributes via diffusion in the cell o Glycogen is found in granules goes to mitochondria for glycolysis o Also contains organelles Found everywhere differ by location Membranous possesses plasmalemma vs non membranous Non membranous in contact with the cytosol o Cytoskeleton microtubules Membrane extensions with microtubules surface area absorption o Ribosomes intracellular factories Anchored beneath cell surface Exposed region completely covers plasmalemma Function o Moves fluid secretions across cell surface Cilia Plasmalemma lipid bilayer phospholipids proteins CHO carbohydrate steroids Isolates protects cell Regulates entrance and exit of materials Ribosomes RNA proteins Protein synthesis Form particular protein sequences Fixed ribosomes Bound to Rough ER 2 Produce protein within the cytosol Enter the lumen internal cavity of the ER Free ribosomes Scattered throughout the cytoplasm Proteins made here enter the cytosol Membranous Organelles Mitochondria Nucleus o Nuclear envelope nucleus nuclear pore Smooth and Rough ER Mitochondria outer membrane surrounds entire organelle S A cellular respiration ATP production Double membrane with inner folds cristae o Produce 95 of ATP for cell Encloses metabolic enzymes o Matrix contains these metabolic enzymes Mitochondria control its own growth and reproduction of mitochondria is dependent upon the individual cell s energy demand o RBC s no mitochondria present o Liver and skeletal muscle have a lot of mitochondria o of mitochondria can increase with training Mitochondria have 5 distinct compartments 1 2 3 4 5 Outer mitochondrial membrane Intermembrane space Inner mitochondrial membrane Cristae space formed by the inner folds Matrix 1 Outer membrane OM Encloses entire organelle Many integral proteins porins o Allow certain molecules to diffuse freely Disruption of the OM cell death o Intermembrane space leaks into cytosol Associated with the ER o Via MAM Mitochondrial Associated ER Membrane o Ca2 signaling lipid transfer Intermembrane Space IMS Between the outer and inner membrane OM freely permeable to small molecules o Small molecules in the IMS is the same as the molecules in the cytosol Same concentration as well 3 Large proteins have specific sequences to cross the OM Protein composition differs from the cytosol Intermembrane Space IM No porins highly impermeable Contains proteins with specific functions o redox reactions of oxidative phosphorylation o ATP synthase ATP generator generated in the matrix o Metabolic passage in and out of the matrix Via specific transport proteins Skeletal muscles have mitochondria with more cristae because more ATP is needed Enclosed by inner membrane ATP is produced here Lots of enzymes Major Function o Oxidation of pyruvate fat acids citric acid cycle Control center for cellular operation o Controls synthesis of A LOT of proteins o Determines cell characteristics Up or down regulates proteins Cristae Matrix Nucleus Nucleoplasm Fluid contents of the nucleus Ions enzymes DNA RNA nucleotides proteins DNA strands form chromosomes chroma color o 46 chromosomes in humans 23 pairs Each chromosome contains DNA wound around histones o Dividing cells tightly coiled DNA wound around histone o Non dividing cells loosely coiled DNA chromatin Nucleosomes DNA strands wound around histone Contains DNA RNA rRNA synthesis assembly or ribosomal subunits Nucleus maintains the integrity of everything Nuclear genome heredity information 4 encoded in the DNA RNA in viruses o antigenic shift in influenza viruses Genome sequencing mouse models genetic strains mapped using genome Nuclear envelope membrane Double lipid bilayer enclosing genetic material o Also a physical barrier 2 membranes outer and inner o Outter continuous with Rough ER o Inner Intermembrane proteins ER has 4 major functions 1 Synthesis CHO steroids lipids 2 Storage 3 Transport 4 Detox Golgi Apparatus G A Lysosome digest remove damaged organelles pathogens Peroxisome degrade fat catabolism Neutralization of toxic compounds generated by fat catabolism 5 8 31 2012 Lysosomes housekeeper Released from the G A Lyse things dissolve them 3 ways lysosomes do work o Exocytosis occurs at secretory vesicles vesicles carry materials away from G A o Endocytosis o Phagocytosis Lysosomes cont Reuses nutrients Breaks down muscle cell contractive proteins o Autolysis usually good o Can cause disease o Causes buildup of bad stuff Peroxisomes Absorb break down fatty acids Enzymatic activity may form toxins H2O2 Most are found in the liver o Remove and neutralize toxins alcohol Functions of the Plasmalemma selectively permeable Physical isolation Regulation of environmental exchange Sensitivity Structural support 6 9 5 2012 Bone ch 5 Osseous tissue Connective Tissue Bones provide structure movement and foundation Bone composition Bone rigid 1 3 made of collagen fibers protein fibers elastic 2 3 made of calcium phosphate calcium carbonate Flexible Ca2 strong but brittle Collagen is weak but elastic o Ca2 Collagen strong and elastic Periosteum a weak skin that can be easily pulled off Outer surface of bone Separates osseous tissue o Isolates protects bone from surrounding tissue o Attachment for circulating nervous supply Attaches bone to CT network of the deep fascia bone to muscle o Not present where tendons ligaments and joint capsules attach o Participates in growth and repair Covers most bone surfaces Fibrous outer layer cellular inner layer Aids in attaching bone to tissues tendons to ligaments o tendons muscle to bone o ligament bone to bone Interwoven w tendonous fibers that connect tendon to bone made of collagen o Tendonous collagen fibers of Periosteum make up perforating Sharpey s fibers cement tendon to the bone o This bond can break before the tendon snaps because the tendon is that strong Tendon is super strong At synovial joints fluid filled Periosteum is continuous w joint capsule o Near joint it becomes continuous w CT Helps stabilize joint Lacunae Space occupied by bone cells o Contains osteocytes bone cells Organized around blood vessels Canaliculi little canals form a network blood and