KIN 3304 1nd Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Last Lecture I. Syllabus Outline of Current Lecture I. The CellII. CytoplasmIII. Cell FunctionsIV. Membranous Organellesa. Mitochondriab. Nucleusc. ERd. Etc.Current LectureI. The Cella. Plasmalemma – separates cell contents from extracellular fluidb. Cytosol – intracellular fluid c. Organelles – intracellular structuresd. Anatomy of Cell (look at Bart Photo)II. Cytoplasma. The general term for inside the cellb. 2 Major Subdivisioni. Cytosol – intracellular fluid, dissolved nutrients, ions, proteins, waste productsii. Organelles – intracellular structures with specific functionsc. Organellesi. Found all over the bodyii. 2 Categories1. Nonmembranousa. Always in contact with cytosol2. Membranousa. Surrounded by membranes isolating contents from cytosolb. E.g. PlasmalemmaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Cilia1. Anchored beneath cell surface2. Exposed region completely covered by Plasmalemma3. Function: move fluids/secretions across cell surfacea. 1 = flagellab. 2+ = ciliaIII. Cell Functionsa. Plasmalemmai. Lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, proteins, Cho (carbohydrates), steroidsii. Isolates, protects celliii. Regulates entrance and exit of materialsb. Cytosoli. Fluid composition of cytoplasmii. Distributes materials via diffusioniii. Stores glycogen, etc.c. Non Membranous Organellesi. Cytoskeleton Membrane extension w/ microfilaments1. More SA = More Absorptionii. Microvilli – membrane extensions1. Movement of materials over cell surfaceiii. Ribosomes – RNA + proteins1. Protein synthesis2. Function: to assemble the 20 specific amino acid molecules to form particular protein sequence determined by RNA3. Intracellular Functionsa. Manufacture protein (from info by DNA of nucleus)b. 2 Major Typesi. Fixed and Free ribosomesiv. Fixed Ribosomes1. Bound to Rough ER2. Usually produce proteins used within plasma membranev. Free Ribosomes1. Scattered in cytoplasm2. Excluded from nucleus and other organellesIV. Membranous Organellesi. Mitochondriaii. Nucleus1. Nuclear envelope, nucleolus, nuclear poreiii. ER1. Smooth, rough ERiv. Golgi Apparatus1. Lysosomes, peroxisomesv. Mitochondria1. Double membrane w/ inner folds (cristae)2. Encloses metabolic enzymes3. Powerhouse of cella. Produce ~95% of ATP for cell4. Double Membrane Organellea. Outer surrounds entire organelleb. Inner contains folds (cristae: more SA to matrix (fluid content) of mitochondrion)c. Matrix has metabolic enzymes (energy)5. Mitochondria enzymes produce ~95% of ATP for cell6. Mitochondria controls own growth, reproduction, etc.7. Dependent upon cells energy demanda. RBCs – no mitochondria hereb. Liver, skeletal muscle – lots herec. Can markedly increase # with training8. 5 Distinct Compartmentsa. Outer mitochondrial membrane (OM)b. Intermembrane Space (IS)c. Inner mitochondrial membraned. Cristae space (formed by inner membrane folds)e. Matrix9. Outer Membrane (OM)a. Encloses entire organelleb. Many integral proteins (porins)i. Allow for certain molecules to freely diffusec. Disruption of OM = Cell Deathi. Intermembrane space leaks into cytosol10. Intermembrane Space (IS) (beach ball)a. Between outer/inner membraneb. Outer membrane freely permeable to small moleculesi. [small molecules] in the IS is the same as in the cytosol1. [ ] = concentrationii. Large proteins have specific sequence to cross..iii. Protein composition different that cytosol11. Inter Membrane (Chuck Norris)a. No porins, highly impermeableb. Contains proteins with specific functionsi. Redox reactions of oxidative phosphorylationii. ATP synthesis (generated in matrix)iii. Metabolite passage in/out of matrix1. Via specific transport proteiniv. Protein import machinery v. Mitochondrial fusion and fission protein12. Cristaea. Inner Mitochondrial membrane compartmentalized into many cristaeb. Expand SA of inner membranec. More area, more ATP producedd. Skeletal muscle cells have more (more ATP needed)13. Matrixa. Enclosed by inner membraneb. ATP producedc. Lots of enzymesi. Major functions – oxidation of pyruvate, fatty acids,citric acid cyclevi. Nucleus1. Control center for cellular operationa. Controls synthesis of ~100,000 different proteins2. Determines cell characteristicsa. Up or down regulates proteins, amounts, etc.vii. Nucleoplasm1. Fluid contents of the nucleusa. Ions, enzymes, DNA/RNA nucleotids, proteinsb. DNA strands form chromosomes (chroma, color)c. Tightly coiled DNA strands; 46 chromosomes in human cells2. Each chromosome contains DNA bound to..viii. Nucleosomes – DNA strands bind around histonesix. Dividing Cells – tightly coiled chromosomesx. Non-Dividing Cells – loosely coiled chromosomes from fine filaments (chromatin)xi. Nucleoplasm contains enzymes, chromatin, nucleoproteins, nucleotidesxii. Surrounded by double membrane (nuclear envelope) which contains nuclear pore1. Metabolic control are protein synthesis2. Genetic processing information3. Nucleolus contains DNA and RNA: rRNA synthesis, assembly of ribosomal subunitsxiii. Nucleus1. Most of cells genetic material herea. Organized as multiple linear DNA moleculesb. With proteins (histones) from chromosomesc. Genes within chromosomes – cell nuclear genomexiv. Function – maintain integrity of these genes1. Control cell activities via gene expression regulationxv. Nuclear Genome1. Organisms hereditary information2. Encoded in DNA (or RNA if you are a virus)a. Antigenic shift in influenza virusi. H1N1, H3N2, etc.3. Genome sequencing, use models (genetic strains) mapped using