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UH KIN 3304 - Hormones and Related Diseases

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KIN 3304 1nd Edition Lecture 17Outline of Last Lecture I. Hormones can be…II. Subdivisions of ANSIII. Sympathetic StimulationIV. When Activation OccursV. Endocrine GlandsVI. A.A DerivativesVII. Peptide HormonesVIII. Steroid HormonesIX. Hypothalamus and Endocrine RegulationX. Pituitary GlandXI. NeurohypophysisXII. ADHXIII. OxytocinXIV. AdrenohypophysisXV. Adrenal CortexXVI. Kidneys and HeartOutline of Current Lecture I. Heart Releases HormonesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Pancreatic IsletsIII. Regulating Bone GrowthIV. Vitamin DV. Parathyroid HormoneVI. CalcitoninVII. GH and T4VIII. Estrogen and TestosteroneIX. DisordersCurrent LectureI. Heart Releases Hormones:a. ANP (Atrial Natriuetic Peptide)b. BNP (Brain Natriuetic Peptide)c. Both suppress ADH, aldosterone released. Stimulate water and sodium ion loss at kidneysi. Huge BP, blood volume decreasesII. Pancreatic Isletsa. Aggregations of endocrine cells in pancreasi. Alpha Cells – Glucagon1. Raises glucose levels (increase glycogen breakdown, glucose release by liver)ii. Beta Cells – Insulin1. Lowers blood glucose by increasing glucose uptake, util.iii. Delta Cells – Somatostatin1. Inhibits production/secretion of glucagon, insulin2. Slows down food absorption along digestive tractiv. F Cells – PP (Pancreatic Polypeptide)1. Inhibits gallbladder contractions, regulates production of pancreatic enzymesIII. Regulating Bone Growtha. Growth requires constant Ca2+, phosphate salts, Mg, other mineralb. Dietary Vitamin A, C are essentialc. Group of Steroids known as Vitamin D play a role in Calcium metabolismIV. Vitamin Da. Absorption, transport of Ca2+, phosphates, Na+ ionsb. Active form of Vitamin D (calcitron)i. Synthesized in kidneysii. Dependent upon cholecalciferol1. Absorbed via diet2. Synthesized in presence of UV radiationV. Parathyroid Hormonea. Released by parathyroid glandsb. Stimulates osteoclast, osteoblast activityc. Increase Ca2+ absorption in small intestined. Decrease Ca2+ loss in urinee. Requires calcitroli. Produced in kidneyVI. Calcitonina. Secreted by C thyrocytes (C cells) within thyroid gland of children and pregnant womenb. Restores homeostasis when [Ca2+ ion] is abnormally highi. Inhibits osteoclastsii. Increases bone deposition rateVII. GH and Thyroxine (T4)a. Produced in pituitary and thyroid glands respectivelyb. Stimulates bone growthc. Maintains normal activity at epiphyseal cartilages until ~ pubertyd. Athletes pick up diseases sometimes when they receive synthetic GHVIII. Estrogen and Testosteronea. Stimulates osteoblastsi. Produces bone faster than epiphyseal cartilageb. Over time, cartilages narrow and ossify (close)c. Primary function of these sex hormones maintains bone mass in adults normallyIX. Disordersa. Acromegaly – excessive GH released post-pubertyi. Gigantism if hyper secretion before pubertyii. Pituitary Dwarfism if not enough production b. Achondroplastic Dwarfismi. Abnormal epiphyseal activityii. Slow cartilage growth; adult has short, stocky limbs with normal trunk sizeiii. Abnormal gene (chromosome 4) affects a fibroblast growth factorc. Osteomalacia (Rickets)i. Inadequate Ca2+ or Vitamin Dii. Decreased mineral content1. Softens bonesiii. Matrix doesn’t accumulate enough Ca2+ saltsiv. In the US, children only get this disease by neglectd. Osteopetrosisi. Decreased ostetoclast activityii. Skeletal mass gradually increasesiii. Remodeling stops1. Bone shape changes2. Results in deformatione. Osteogenesis Imperfectai. Impaired osteoblast and fibroblast function ii. Bones are fragile1. Multiple fractures in life (few to hundreds)iii. Tendons and ligaments affected (“loose”)iv. 4 Types1. Worst form fatal after birth v. Bones break when someone falls, or simply sneezesvi. AKA Brittle Bone Diseasef. Marfan’s Syndrome (Abe Lincoln)i. Defect in CT structure1. Affects fibrillin (protein)2. Abnormally on Chromosome 15ii. Long, slender limbs results from excessive cartilage formation at epiphyseal cartilageiii. Arterial wall weakness can be dangerous1. This can result in a stroke because the arteries can burst at any


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UH KIN 3304 - Hormones and Related Diseases

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