KIN 3304 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 9Lecture 1 (August 27) CHAPTER 2: The CellThe cell has many structures and functions that are important for the cell to thrive. The cell can be divided into the Plasmalemma and the Cytoplasm.TQ: The Plasmalemma, or the cell membrane, separates cell contents from extracellular fluid. It is a lipid bilayer that contains phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and steroids. It isolates and protects the cell and it regulated the entrance and exit of materials. The cytoplasm is the general term for inside of the cell and has two major subdivisions: the cytosol and organelles. The cytosol is the intracellular fluid that dissolves nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products. It distributes materials via diffusion and it also stores glycogen. The organelles can be either membranous (inside the membrane) or nonmembranous (outside the cell). The membranous organelles are surrounded by membranes that isolate contents from the cytosol. The membranous organelles include the mitochondria, nucleus, ER, golgi apparatus,lysosomes, and peroxisomes. The nonmembranous organelles are always in contact with the cytosol. The nonmembranous organelles include the cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, flagella, and ribosomes.TQ: The mitochondria has a double membrane with inner folds (cristae). It encloses metabolic enzymes and is the powerhouse of the cell, producing about 95% of ATP for the cell. The mitochondria controls its own growth and has 5 distinct compartments: Outer membrane, Intermembrane space, inner membrane, cristae space, and the matrix. - The OM encloses entire organelle and has many integral proteins known as porins that allow certain molecules to freely diffuse. Disruption of the OM = cell death.- The IS is between the outer and inner membrane. The concentration of the IS is the same as the cytosol but the protein composition is different from the cytosol.- The IM does not have porins and contains proteins with specific functions such as redox reactions, ATP synthesis, metabolite passage, protein import machinery, and mitochondrial fusion and fission protein. The IM is compartmentalized into many cristae.- The Cristae expands the surface area of the IM which means more ATP is produced. Skeletal muscles and the liver have more cristae because more ATP is needed there. RBCs do not have cristae.- The Matrix is enclosed by IM. This is where ATP is produced. There are lots of enzymes here and their major functions are the oxidation of pyruvate, fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle.The nucleus is the control center for cellular operation and it determines cell characteristics by up or down regulating proteins. Also, most of cells genetic material is here. The nucleus has an outer membrane called the nuclear envelope which encloses the perinuclear space that divides the nuclear envelope to the nucleoplasm. The nucleoplasm is the fluid contents of the nucleus that contains ions, enzymes, DNA/RNA, and proteins. The DNA strands form chromosomes. There are 46 chromosomes in human cells.Lecture 2 (August 29) Continuing on with the different membranous structures.The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a membranous channel network in the cytoplasm. The network of intracellular membranes that form hollow tubes, flatsheets, and rounded channels are called cisternae. There is the Smooth ER and the Rough ER. The Rough ER has ribosomes bound to membrane and it modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins. The Smooth ER has no attached ribosomes but has lipid, steroid, carbohydrate synthesis. It has 4 major functions: synthesis, storage, transport, and detoxification. - In Synthesis, the ER membrane contains enzymes that manufacture carbohydrates, steroids, and lipids and store them in the cisternae- In Storage, the ER can store synthetic molecules- In Transport, substances can travel from place to place within the ER- In Detoxification, toxins can be absorbed by the ER and neutralized by enzymes.The Golgi Apparatus receives newly-synthesized protein from the ER. There are 3 major functions: synthesis and packaging of secretions, packaging of special enzymes, and the renewal/modification of Plasmalemma.TQ: Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and remove damaged organelles and pathogens. The primary lysosome contains inactive enzymes, but when it is fused with a damaged organelle, it becomes a secondary lysosome that contains an active enzyme. This active enzyme can then break down contents. It also provides a defense against disease by removing bacteria andreusing nutrients. It also breaks down muscle cell contractile proteins when muscles are inactive. Lysosomal Storage Disease results in a build up of waste product. These diseases occur when ones lysosomes are faulty.Peroxisomes break down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. They also break down fatty acids. They are most abundant in liver cells which remove and neutralize toxins.Then he goes into the permeability properties of the Plasmalemma. The lipid bilayer forms a physical barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the extracellular fluid. It controls the entry of ions, nutrients and the exit of wastes and the release of secretory products. Impermeable is where nothing can cross. Freely permeable is when any substance can cross. Selectively permeable is where it can pick and choose and that is what the Plasmalemma is.END OF CHAPTER 2Lecture 3 (September 3)CHAPTER 5: Osseous Tissue1/3 of bone is made of collagen fibers and 2/3 of bone is made of Calcium Phosphate. Collagen by itself is weak but flexible and Calcium Phosphate crystals by itself are strong but brittle. Together, they make the bone strong and flexible.The Periosteum covers the surface of the bone. It is the fibrous, outer layer that aids in attaching the bone to tissue, tendons, and ligaments although it is not present where they attach. It isolates and protects the bone from surrounding tissue. It is the attachment for circulatory and nervous supply. It participates in growth and repair and attaches the bone to theconnective tissue network.Lacunae is the space within the matrix that is occupied by the bone cells, osteocytes. Canaliculi (little canals) connect lacunae to each other.Osteocytes are mature bone cells.Osteoblasts are found on the inner and outer surfaces of the bone and secrete osteoid. They areresponsible for making new bone, called osteogenesis.Osteoprogenitor Cells produce