KIN 3304 1nd Edition Lecture 16Outline of Last Lecture I. CDV SystemII. Lots of TubingIII. Normal Layers of ArteriesIV. 3 Layers of Artery and Vein WallsV. Layering Gives StrengthVI. Differences Between Arteries and VeinsVII. Different Types of Arteries, VeinsVIII. ElasticIX. Muscular ArteriesX. ArteriolesXI. CapillariesXII. SinusoidsXIII. VeinsXIV. Venous ValvesXV. Distribution of BloodXVI. ArteriosclerosisOutline of Current Lecture I. Hormones can be…These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Subdivisions of ANSIII. Sympathetic StimulationIV. When Activation OccursV. Endocrine GlandsVI. A.A DerivativesVII. Peptide HormonesVIII. Steroid HormonesIX. Hypothalamus and Endocrine RegulationX. Pituitary GlandXI. NeurohypophysisXII. ADHXIII. OxytocinXIV. AdrenohypophysisXV. Adrenal CortexXVI. Kidneys and HeartCurrent LectureI. Hormones can be…a. Endogenous (from within the body)b. Exogenous (from outside the body)i. These are examples1. HRT2. Performance Enhancinga. Anabolic/Androgens steroidsi. Natural – testosteroneb. Catabolic Steroidsi. Cortisol*Know the image of the guy with the hormones all around himII. Subdivisions of ANSa. 2 major divisionsi. Sympathetic and parasympatheticii. In general1. Parasympathetic dominates at rest, sympathetic dominates duringstressiii. Excitation and inhibition…III. Sympathetic Stimulationa. Can change organ/tissue activation by released catecholamines (epi, norepi) in blood streamb. Sympathetic activation (entire division response controlled by sympathetic centers in hypothalamus)IV. When Activation Occursa. Increase alertness (stimulation of reticular activating system); now “on edge”b. Intensive to painful stimuli, increase energyc. Increase cardiovascular respiratory center activityi. Increase in strength, HR, BP, respiration rate/depthd. Increase muscle tone (looks tense) – shiverse. Mobilization of energy reservesi. Increase breakdown of glycogenV. Endocrine Cellsa. Glandular secretory cellsi. Release hormones directly into blood, lymphoid system, interstitial fluid, etc.ii. Any organ releases hormonesVI. A.A Derivativesa. Small molecules, similar to a.a structurallyb. Thyroid hormonesc. Catecholamines (epi, norepi)i. Most importantd. Tryphophan (melatonin)i. Lots in steakVII. Peptide Hormonesa. Chains of AAb. Largest groupi. All pituitary hormones are peptide hormonesVIII. Steroid Hormonesa. Derived from cholesterolb. Released by reproductive organs, suprarenal glandsc. Cortisol, estrogen, testosterone, etcd. Altered by age; when you get older, you don’t produce as much; at menopause women don’t produce estrogenIX. Hypothalamus and Endocrine Regulationa. Hypothalamus regulates nervous and endocrine system activities in 3 waysi. Regulatory hormonesii. Acts as an endocrine organiii. Direct neural control over cells of the suprarenal medullaeX. Pituitary Glanda. Small (size of grape) but loaded with good stuffb. Two lobesi. Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)ii. Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)XI. Neurohypophysisa. Contains axons and terminals of ~ 50,000 hypothalamic neuronsb. ACH and oxytocin (nurturing hormone) and neurosecretions (from neurons) released into hypohyseal arteryi. Then to general circulationXII. ADH (anti-dieuretic hormone)a. Aka vasopressinb. Increase in electrolyte concentration in blood or fall in BP or Blood Volumec. Primary Function – decrease water loss at kidneysd. Also increase BP by constricting periphesial vesselsXIII. Oxytocina. Stimulates smooth muscle contraction in uterusi. Required for normal labor and childbirthii. Also contractile (myo epithelial) cells surround mammary secretion cellsiii. Suckling by infant stimulation release  milk releaseb. In males, causes smooth muscle contraction in prostate glandXIV. Adrenohypophysis – 7 main hormonesa. TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)i. Triggers release of thyroid hormoneb. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)i. Steroid hormone by suprarenal glandii. Specifically GC (gluco corticoids)c. FSHi. Developed by oocytes (gametes) within ovariesii. Secretion of estrogens (estradiol) of natureiii. In males – gonadotropes (for sperm production)d. LHi. In females: ovulation and progestin (Steroids that prepare body for pregnancy such as progesterone)ii. In males: androgens (Testosterone)e. Prolactini. Stimulates development of mammary glands, milkii. Regulated by estrogen, progestone, GH, GCsiii. Function not known in males (although males can lactate)f. GH (growth hormone, or HGH, or somatotropin)i. Huge response in skeletal, muscle developmentii. Fantastic results reported by athletesiii. All cells respond to some degreeg. MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)i. Stimulates melanocytes of skinii. Increases melanin production and distribution (skin color)*know image of the hypothalamus hormones and pituitary hormonesXV. Adrenal Cortexa. Produces more than 2 dozen steroidsi. Corticosteroidsii. Vital – if not available will not celebrate many birthdaysb. MC (mineral corticoids)i. Electrolyte component of body fluidsc. Aldosterone (TQ)i. Ionic composition of water in urineii. Retains NA, waste, reduces fluid loss in urineiii. Reduces Na, water loss of sweat/salivary glandsiv. Promotes loss of K+ in urined. ACTH from pituitary gland produces GC in ACe. Cortisoli. Increases blood sugar, metabolism, decreases immune functionii. Counteracts insuliniii. Anti-diuretic hormoneiv. “Flash bulb memory” when with epinephrine1. Creates “memory” of short term emotional eventsXVI. Kidneys and Hearta. Renin – converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 (converted to angiotensin 2 inlungs)i. Stimulates secondary of aldosterone (increases blood volume, increases BP)b. Erythropoietin – RBC produced in bone marrowi. More EPO means more O2ii. Must be really dehydrated when given thisc. Calcitriol – secreted in presence of PTHi. Increases Ca2+ in blood*TQ about ACE