Psych 370 1st EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Chapters: 5,6,131. What is social cognition?Social cognition- the way in which we interpret, analyzes, remember and use information about the social world.Method/approach rather than content areaIt is a movement in social psychology that began in the 1970s that focused thoughts about people and about social relationships. Before the 1970’s social psychologists focuseddominantly on behaviorism. pg. 1532. What did Asch’s research tell us about impression formation? What are central traits?impression formation -> reactions variedCentral traits: warm and cold, they’re a warm person. They’re a cold person. 3. What is meant by attribution? Be able to recognize internal (personal) vs. external (situational) attributions by example.Attribution: The causal explanations people give for their own and others’ behaviors, and for events in general. Internal: personal- the cause of an action internally (personality) Ex.) If a student failed an exam, the teacher would think that the student didn’t study hard enough.External: situational- external-> the situation, actions of others. Ex.) If a student failed an exam, the student would think that the exam was too hard or would make some other excuse..”I didn’t sleep well” 4. What were the early attribution theories and how did they explain how we attribute causes of others’ behavior? p.163-164Two-Dimensional Attribution p.164-165 - illustrates the four possible combinations of internal-external and stable-unstable types explaining success & failure.Internal, stable - Involves ability. This is when people think that their success has to do with their intelligence or talent. Internal, unstable - Involves effort. Effort is unstable because it can change. If someone succeeded because they worked hard, there is no guarantee that they will succeed again because they might not put the same amount of effort in the next time. External, stable - Points to the difficulty of the task. Success indicates that the task was easy, whereas failure indicates that the task was hard. External, unstable - Involves luck. If someone’s success or failure is due to luck, there is very little credit or blame due to the person, nor is there any reason to expect the same result the next time.*Self-serving bias- the tendency to take credit for success but deny blame for failure. Actor/Observer Bias p.166 - It is relevant to any situation in which a person (the observer) is watching someone else’s (the actor’s) behavior. Ex.) If a woman walked into a store and saw a man screaming at the store cashier, the woman would assume that the man is meanand obnoxious(internal). But if you asked the man why he was yelling, he may tell you it was because the cashier treated him very meanly and no one would help him with his problem(external). Fundamental Attribution Error(Correspondence bias) p.166 - Focuses on the observer side of the actor/observer bias. People have a bias to attribute another person’s behavior to internal or dispositional causes(personality traits, attitudes) to a greater extent than they should. People fail to take into consideration the external factors(the situation, constraints ofthe social environment) that are happening to that person. 5. What distinguishes automatic (AT) from controlled (deliberate) (DT) social cognition?p. 156-157 Automatic-intention (no control, effortless) VS.Controlled social cognition- deliberate5 elements to distinguish the two: Awareness - When people engage in AT, they may not be aware that they are thinking. Ex.)When you are driving, you don’t have to think about how to do it; you just do it. But when it is snowing outside or there is bad weather; DT overrides AT. You must be think of the roads being slippery, pay more attention to other drivers, etc. Intention - AT isn’t guided by intention. It will happen whether you intend it or not. AT can intrude on your thinking even when you intend to think something else. Control - AT are not subject to deliberate control. so it can be difficult or even impossible to avoid having certain thoughts that have been cued. Effort - AT does not involve effort, whereas DT often involve mental exertion and can feel taxing and tiring. Efficiency - AT is highly efficient, unlike DT which are often slow and cumbersome.AT involves little effort because it relies on knowledge structures. Knowledge structures are organized packets of information that are stored in the memory. Ex.) Walking is so natural to you since you do it everyday, you basically go into autopilot. 6. What are schemas and scripts and what purposes do they serve? p. 157-158 Ex) Onp. 158Schemas- organized structure of knowledge about concepts-> experience Ex.) A schema for dancing would include movement, music, shoes, romance, repetition, and possibly embarrassment if you can’t dance. This are the things that you associate with that concept. Scripts- organized structures of knowledge about situations. They contain knowledge abouthow people or objects behave under varying circumstances. Scripts may include types of info such as motives, intentions, goals, situations that enable or inhibit certain behaviors, and the causal sequence of events, as well as the specific behaviors themselves. Purpose: categorize, fill in the story, and fill in the blanks.7. What is “priming” and how does being primed influence behavior, judgments of others? p.158-159 Priming- activating an idea in someone’s mind so that related ideas are more accessible. Itincreases accessibility of schemas, exposure to info in one context. So basically, when one concept becomes primed(brought to your attention) by thinking about it, related concepts in the memory become more accessible. (You start thinking about other stuff that is associatedwith what that concept) Ex.) If a friend reminded you about an exam, you would remember that you need notes, maybe a calculator. Then you may randomly think about the girl in yourclass that was stink during the last exam which only came to mind because you were thinking about your last exam. Influence behavior- When you are primed, you may recall other information that makes you act a certain way. For example, if I remembered that a girl in my classed was stinky, that would influence me to sit away from that girl. Judgments- Ex.) I would think that the girl was dirty every time I remembered taking an exam in that class. If I saw the girl around, I would