Psych 370 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Chapter: 7Chapters 7 Attitudes What are attitudes?Global evaluations towards some object or issueWhat are dual attitudes?Different evaluations of the same attitude object implicit versus explicitHow are they measured?Self report, interviews, surveys, facial EMG, brain wave patternsWhat are implicit attitudes and how does IAT measure them?Automatic evaluations. It makes people think quickly so they put their automatic evaluationHow are attitudes formed?Mere exposure effect, classical conditioning, body movementsHow does motive to stay consistent affect our attitudes and behavior?It makes them want to seek out consistency through rationalization, cognitive dissonance theory, or balance, balance theoryHow does attitude accessibility affect attitude behavior?If it’s highly accessible then the attitude will be quite influenced Chapter 8 PersuasionHow do we know a speaker is credible?If the speaker gives us reason to believe them, such as reliable sourcesWhy are covert communicators seen as credible?Because they argue against their own previously held attitudes and behaviorsHow does liking a speaker change attitude?Because listeners are more apt to listen to someone they like or find attractiveHow does message variable affect persuasion?If its two-sided its more persuasive because it offers more information; if its fear it is more persuasive because people will believe so they will no longer be afraid; if its repetition it ispersuasive as long as the person likes the message How does audience variables influence persuasion?If the audience is intelligent, persuasion will be harder; so the message should relate to the audienceHow does audience variables influence the route?If the audience is intelligent, then they will follow central route; If lazy or distracted thinkers, then they will follow peripheral routeWhat is cognitive dissonance?The theory that inconsistences produce psychological discomfort, leading people to rationalize their behavior or change their attitudesWhat is self-affirmation?Recognition and assertion of the existence and value of ones individual selfWhat is the difference between normative and informational influence?Normative is going along with the crowd I order to be liked and accepted. Informational is going along with the crowd because you think the crowd knows more them you.Conformity vs. Compliance vs. ObedienceConformity is changing to the crowd. (i.e. wearing red because they do) compliance is changing because they ask you to (i.e. wearing red because they asked you to) Obedience is because they tell you too (i.e. wearing red because they told you that you had to)Asch’s Line studyThey would show 3 line and tell them to match it to the original line everyone would say the wrong line to pressure the subject to conformWhat happens when you deviate from the group?People who deviate from the group get the highest scores in how much the group talkedto you, but low in how well liked. Most deviates got pushed out of the group were ostracized.Milgram’s study on obedience He had two people, a shocker and a shockie. The shocker would show the shockie some items, then the shockie had to answer questions about the items. If wrong, the shocker would “shock” the shockie. Shocks would even get into the lethal range. He found that people obey even when they didn’t want to.What did Burger find in 2009 when he replicated it?He found the result were nearly identical. How do social psychologist define prosocial behavior?Doing something that is good for other people or for society as a wholeHow do norms about reciprocity and gratitude influence prosocial behavior?They make it move likely to happen.When and why do we cooperate? Forgive?We cooperate when in groups and our part is needed. We forgive when we feel it is needed to better the other and ourselves. Distinguish egoistic from altruistic prosocial behaviorEgoistic is doing something to get a return that benefits you. Altruistic is doing something and having no return.What is kin selection?The evolutionary tendency to help please who have our genesWhat is the prosocial behavior debate?Says that altruistic behavior happens because we can feel empathy for the person, “empathy-altrusim hypothesis” and says egotistic behavior happens because we want to get rid of our negative feelings. Negative state relief modelHow do (perceived) characteristics of a person influence whether we help them?We help people who are similar to us. We help females more, and more attractive people.How did the murder of Kitty Genoverse inspire work on helping behavior?It made them study more on the bystander effect.What of the steps of emergency model?Notice something is happening. Interpret event as an emergency. Take responsibility for providing help. Decide how to help. Provide help.How do social psychologists define aggression?Any behavior intended to harm another person who is motivated to avoid the harm.What is violence and antisocial behavior?Violence is aggression that has as its goal extreme physical harm, such as injury or death.Antisocial behavior is behavior that either damages interpersonal relationships or is culturally undesirable.What is the difference between hostile and instrumental aggression?Sole goal of hostile is to cause injury/death to the victim, aggression for its own sake, notto obtain something of value. Instrumental is premeditated, intentional use of harmful behavior to achieve some other goal, obtain something of value.Distinguish physical vs. verbal vs. indirect aggressionIndirect is behavior that intentionally harms another who is physically absent. Physical is actually showing aggression like a fight. Verbal is talking like calling names.What are instinct theories of aggression?It is an innate tendency to seek, a particular goal.What are the basic tents of social learning theory?That learning social nroms is taught through watching othersHow did bobo doll experiment establish modeling?By seeing how the kids transmitted aggression to the doll because the adults did first.What are the basic tenets of frustrations-aggression hypothesis?Is that aggression is always caused by frustration.What is excitation transfer?A state of residual arousal we are unaware of will be activatedWhat is the hostile attribution bias?The tendency to perceive ambiguous actions by others as aggressive.Are there gender and age difference in aggression? Men are more aggressive. Younger