Psych 370 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 3,4,11,12Chapter 3 and 4 - What is the self-concept? o It is a set of beliefs about oneself. It is made up of self-knowledge, interpersonal self, and agent self. - Where does self-knowledge come from? o Self-knowledge comes from self-awareness. Introspection a person examines the contents of their own mind and mental state. Self-perception is looking at your own behavior to judge how they are feeling. Social comparison examining the difference between oneself and another person. - What is meant by self-esteem?o Self-esteem is how favorably someone evaluates himself or herself. Sociometer says that esteem is how we feel approved by people. We need to be approved to feel good about oneself. - In what ways do we attempt to self-enhance?o We change our self to enhance our self. We try and find the most favorable change. Self-handicapping is setting up problems so task can’t happen and then blaming the problem instead of our self. Self-promotion is saying all kinds of things to make yourself seem better than others. Ingratiation is doing things to make yourself more liked by people. - Evaluate the benefits of self-enhancement vs. the detriments of having unstable high self-esteem?o Benefits or self-enhancement is high self-esteem. If you have high unstable self-esteem you will only feel good when people compliment you. Narcissism plays into this because unstable self-esteem can cause it. - Distinguish public and private awareness and consciousness.o Private and public self-awareness are about standards. Private and public consciousness is about who you are and how people see you. - What is meant by self-regulation?o Self-regulation is the process people use to control and change their thoughts, feeling and behaviors. If they don’t match people often will start to be depressed and abuse substances. - How does belief in free will influence behavior and choices?o Free will influences us because we know we have a choice. - Describe the process of goal setting and goal-pursuit. o Goal setting you deciding what to do, being open minded, making sure its feasibilable and desirability, asking why should I do this then making sure its realistic. Pursuing goal is similar but you decide what to do, you close mind, find the means and obstacles, you ask how to do it, and then have optimistic thinking.- What is the need to belong?o The need to belong is wanting to form relationships with others. We have more confidence when we belong and feel better. Social contact and we want a stable framework within a relationship. - How do social psychologists define attraction?o It is anything that draws two or more people together making them want to be together and possibly to form a lasting relationship. Rejection is being prevented by others from forming or keeping a social bond with them.- What is ingratiation?o It is what people actively do to try to make someone like them. - What body and facial features are found attractive?o Men have broad shoulders and manly features are considered attractive. Womenwith hourglass shape and young looking features are attractive. Facial symmetryis considered attractive. Having men be manly looking makes it seem like they can support a family. And women being young looking makes them seem like they will reproduce. - What is the what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype?o It says that beautiful things are good and ugly things are bad. This is not 100% accurate. - What do we know about propinquity and attraction?o That the more we spend with someone the more we grow to like him or her and find him or her attractive. - What is the mere exposure effect?o Just seeing someone more often you start to like him or her. This suggest that people you’re more apt. to be attracted to. - What is the social allergy effect?o It is the idea that a partner annoying habits become more annoying over time. - Explain the findings about similarity and attraction. o It was found that people usually go for who are similar to them for relationships. Matching hypothesis is the proposition that people tend to pair up with others who are equally attractive. - What is meant by reciprocity?o It is you give some and take some. If someone buys you coffee you feel the need to buy him or her some later. - What does it mean to be ostracized?o Is being rejected from a group. Long-term can lead to high depression and even suicide. - What is rejection sensitivity?o It is being rejected so many times that you start to assume everyone will reject you.- What predicts social rejection in kids?o Bad-apple affect- one bad person can influence everyone else. Social rejection in kids could be because if kids are aggressive they won’t find groups. - What do we know about stalking?o Women are more apt. to have stalkers. It is obsessively going after someone who does return the feelings. Unrequited love is when person a like’s person B but person B doesn’t return the feelings. In this situation bout people are uncomfortable. - What is meant by loneliness?o Feeling of wanting more contact with people. Studies shown that it affects physical health and affect sleep. - What are the differences between passionate and companionate love?o Passionate has intimacy and passion. Companionate love has intimacy and commitment. Passion is more short-lived. - What role does physiological arousal play in passionate love?o High arousal makes passionate love stronger. - Define intimacy.o Personal things you share within the relationship. Intimate relationships are relationships that are very close; it starts low them increases over time and levelsout. - How does the idea of intimacy relate to the notion of an expanded self-concept?o The more intimate you are with a person the more intertwined you are with the person.- Summarize the important features of love.o Romantic love- intimacy and passion o Companionate love- intimacy and commitmento Fatuous love-passion and commitment - In what ways are exchanging and communal relationships different?o Exchange you give and they give o Communal you give without expecting anything in return. - What do we know about relationship satisfaction and commitment?o That you can be very unsatisfied but stay because inputs are high and possible other options are low. - What does equity theory says about who is satisfied and whether love will last?o If the give and take is balanced then love will last. And if satisfaction and commitment are