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VCU BIOL 152 - Final Exam Study Guide

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BIOL152 1st Edition Final Exam Study GuideUNIT1What is evolution and how does natural selection relate to evolution? Evolution is the scientific theory that explains how Earth’s species have changed over time, which accounts for diversity in form and function. Charles Darwin put this theory forth after his trip to the Galapagos Islands. Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution. Fitness refers to an individual’s contribution to the gene pool. How is evolution applied to a population?Natural selection changes the gene pool of a population because some genes are eliminated and not expressed. Natural selection affects an individual but the population evolves.What does the Hardy-Weinberg Principle explain? This principle states that frequencies of alleles and genotype in a population’s gene pool remain constant from generation to generation. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium is maintained by the following conditions; no natural selection, no gene flow, no mutations, large population size, and mating is random.What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation and what is it used to find? Hardy-Weinberg Equation is p2 +2pq + q2 and it is used to find the Genotype and allele frequency. Where P2=expected frequency of one of the homozygous genotypes2PQ= expected frequency of the heterozygous genotypeQ2 =expected frequency of the other homozygous genotypeWhat are the conditions of evolution? Mutations, nonrandom mating, natural selection, gene flow and small population size are all conditions for evolution. This changes the allele frequency and reduces differences overtime. Explain the other species concepts and why they are important? There are other species concepts that attempt to cover the factors that the Biological Species concept excludes. These concepts are the morph species concept, the ecological species concept, the evolutionary concept, and the phylogenetic concept. The morph species concept islike referring to a field guide to identify a species in a population. An ecological species concept emphasizes the role a species has on its environment. Evolutionary species concept emphasizes common ancestry among different species and therefore accounts for the extinct animals. The Phylogenetic species concept emphasizes recent common ancestry between populations to understand the differences and why they developed that way.What are some modes of speciation? Speciation refers to the origin of new species, and species are the fundamental unit of biodiversity and evolution. There are two modes of speciation, allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation. Allopatric speciation describes speciation that occurs when a species is separated by some physical barrier Sympatric speciation is similar to allopatric except it describes geographically overlapping populations. These mechanisms separate species because each species has its preferred habitat and times for breeding.What is a phylogenetic tree and what is used for? Taxonomy is the identification, naming or classification of a species and a taxon is a group of organisms. Phylogeny is the evolutionary relationships of the taxon. A phylogenetic tree is created based on a set of shared characteristics or characters. Characters are anatomical, physical or molecular features that make up an organism. Organisms can have either homologous characters or analogous characters. A homology is a similarity by a common ancestor between two taxa, whereas an analogy is a similarity by convergent evolution (meaning that the similarity evolved independently for the same function). How are species classified? The classification begins with a species, similar species then make up a genus, and similar genera make up a family. Similar families make up an order, and then similar orders make up a class. Similar classes make up a phylum and phyla form a kingdom. The species is least inclusive and the kingdom is most inclusive in this classification system.What are the different groupings in a phylogenetic tree? A monophyletic group consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants. Paraphyletic group includes a common ancestor but not all the descendants. A polyphyletic group does not include the recent common ancestor and focuses on convergence similarities. UNIT2What types of organisms are identified as prokaryotes?Archaea and bacteria are prokaryotes.What are some common characteristics of Archaea and bacteria?Both lack and nuclear membrane, lack membrane-bound organelles, contain circular chromosomes and are extremely small in size.How do Archaea and bacteria reproduce?Asexually, through binary fission where the cell divides in half producing two new cellsGenetic variation, by horizontal gene transfer. Conjugation, a plius forms between two cells acting as a bridge for the DNA to transfer from one cell to the other. Bacterial transformation, a donor cell dies and a recipient cell takes the remaining DNA. Bacterial transduction, a virus latches on to a cell and forces the cell to penetrate other cells and obtains their DNAsWhat is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration?Anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen for respiration, and uses carbon dioxide instead, usually in areas with low oxygen. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen for respiration What are the categories of metabolic diversity?Photoautotrophs, gain energy from sun and carbon from carbon dioxide. Photoheterotrophs, gain energy from the sun and carbon from consuming other organisms. Chemoautotrophs, gain energy from chemical compounds and carbon from carbon dioxide. Chemoheterotrophs, gain energy from chemical compounds and carbon from consuming other organismsWhat is Symbiosis? Symbiosis is an intimate physical relationship between two organisms, commensalism one-organism benefits and other is not affected, parasitism one organism is harmed while the other benefits, mutualism both organisms benefitWhat are some characteristics of eukaryotes?Contain a “true nucleus”, nuclear membrane, membrane-bound organelles and mitochondria.Sexual and asexual reproductions are the two types of reproduction that are identified in eukaryotic organisms. The advantages of asexual reproduction are that it occurs at a fast pace, energy is not wasted looking for and attracting a mate. The advantage of sexual reproduction is an increased genetic variation.Sexual Life cycleThere are four different sexual life cycles in eukaryotic organisms. In a unicellular eukaryotic organism, its sexual


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