BIOl 152 1st Edition Lecture20Outline of Last Lecture I. Mammalian kidney functionII. HormonesIII. Osmoregulation in freshwater fishIV. Osmoregulation in freshwater fishOutline of Current Lecture I. Non-specific barriersII. Acquired/Adaptive barriersIII. Humeral immune responseIV. Cell mediated immune responseCurrent LectureI. Non-specific barriersNon-specific barriers are body defenses against pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi that cause diseases. There are two main types of non-specific barriers, chemical and physical barriers. Examples of chemical barriers include tears, saliva, sweat and stomach acid. Examples of physical barriers are skin, and mucus lining the stomach. The inflammatory response is an example of non-specific barriers. The response is initiated by damaged tissue from a cut or splinter. The tissue is damaged, signaling the body to produce histamine, which causes the width of the capillaries to dilate as well as increasing the permeability of the capillaries, allowing for plasma to leak out which causes swelling. Cells then release macrophages, which migrate out of the cell and engulf the bacteria.II. Acquired/Adaptive barriersAcquired or adaptive barriers are body defenses that target specific invaders or pathogens (bacteria or viruses). Antigens are macromolecules located on the surface and are specific toan invader and function to trigger an immune response. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell (leukocyte), which recognizes specific antigens. The two types of lymphocytes are B cells and t cells. While both are produced in the bone marrow, the B cells mature in the marrow and the t cells mature in the thymus. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.III. Humeral Immune responseThe Humeral immune response involves B cell activation, after activation the antibody otherwise known as immunoglobulin (Ig) recognizes the specific antigen and then tags the invader. Helper T cells and antigens activate B cells, which produce B cell clones (by mitosis). The plasma cell clones then produce antigens that tag the invader and make it recognizable to the phagocytosis, then the phagocytosis destroys the invader. The phagocytosis coats the virus, not allowing it to enter the cell or it coats the bacterium and causes it to burst.IV. Cell-mediated immune responseThe helper T cells activate the cytotoxic T cell. After activation the cytotoxic t cell binds to destroy the cell with the pathogen, or virus. The cytotoxic t cell can also create pores causing the cell to burst, exposing the pathogens, which can be destroyed by the humeral response
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