BIOl 152 1st Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture I. Prokaryotic metabolic diversityII. Species co-evolutionIII. Characteristics of EukaryotesIV. Reproduction of eukaryotesV. Sexual life cycle of eukaryotes Outline of Current Lecture I. Important Eukaryotic cladesII. Multi-cellularityIII. Cell communication and differentiationCurrent LectureI. Important Eukaryotic cladesThere are several important clades in the eukaryotic phylogenetic tree. The Opisthokonts, is the most diverse clade and contains organisms with complex multi-cellularity, among these are animals. The Amoebozoans include both free-living and parasitic forms of amoeba. The Archaeoplastids includes photosynthetic eukaryotes; among these are red algae (algae with red pigment), Green algae, land plants, and charophytes (thesister taxa to land plants). The Stramenopiles include algae, and protists containing hairy flagellum, and brown algae (the largest and most complex algae and are multi-cellular). A sub-group of the Stramenopiles is the Diatoms, which include phytoplankton, are photoautotrophs; contain cell walls and yellow-brown color. Another important eukaryotic clade is the Alveolates and is composed of several sub-groups, the dinoflagellates, the ciliates and the apicomplexans. The dinoflagellates contain two flagella, a cellulose-composed cell wall, planktonic auto-, hetero- or mixotrophs, are important for symbiosis and cause harmful algal blooms (leading to fish death). The Ciliates contain multiple cilia, are marine heterotrophs, include a micro and macronucleus. The Apicomplexans includes parasites and an apex with penetrating organelles (the plasmodium,causing malaria).These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Multi-cellularitySimple multi-cellularity includes organisms with cell adhesion; little cell-to-cell communication, little differentiation, and typically all functions are performed by all the cells. However overtime, there has been an evolution of multi-cellularity for enhanced feeding, anti-predatory adaptation and maintenance of position. The evolution is from simple multi-cellularity to complex multi-cellularity. In complex multi-cellularity organisms contain cell adhesion, lots of cell-to-cell communication, and there is lots of cell differentiation where cells are specialized to form different functions.III. Cell communication and differentiationCells communicate through different means; these are gap junctions, ion channels, intercellular junctions and plasma desmoda (in plants). Cell differentiation occurs through gene regulation, regulatory genes and a network of interactions requiring intercellular communication, such as the nervous system in
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