BIOl 152 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture I Prokaryotic metabolic diversity II Species co evolution III Characteristics of Eukaryotes IV Reproduction of eukaryotes V Sexual life cycle of eukaryotes Outline of Current Lecture I Important Eukaryotic clades II Multi cellularity III Cell communication and differentiation Current Lecture I Important Eukaryotic clades There are several important clades in the eukaryotic phylogenetic tree The Opisthokonts is the most diverse clade and contains organisms with complex multicellularity among these are animals The Amoebozoans include both free living and parasitic forms of amoeba The Archaeoplastids includes photosynthetic eukaryotes among these are red algae algae with red pigment Green algae land plants and charophytes the sister taxa to land plants The Stramenopiles include algae and protists containing hairy flagellum and brown algae the largest and most complex algae and are multi cellular A sub group of the Stramenopiles is the Diatoms which include phytoplankton are photoautotrophs contain cell walls and yellow brown color Another important eukaryotic clade is the Alveolates and is composed of several subgroups the dinoflagellates the ciliates and the apicomplexans The dinoflagellates contain two flagella a cellulose composed cell wall planktonic auto hetero or mixotrophs are important for symbiosis and cause harmful algal blooms leading to fish death The Ciliates contain multiple cilia are marine heterotrophs include a micro and macronucleus The Apicomplexans includes parasites and an apex with penetrating organelles the plasmodium causing malaria These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute II Multi cellularity Simple multi cellularity includes organisms with cell adhesion little cell to cell communication little differentiation and typically all functions are performed by all the cells However overtime there has been an evolution of multi cellularity for enhanced feeding anti predatory adaptation and maintenance of position The evolution is from simple multi cellularity to complex multi cellularity In complex multi cellularity organisms contain cell adhesion lots of cell to cell communication and there is lots of cell differentiation where cells are specialized to form different functions III Cell communication and differentiation Cells communicate through different means these are gap junctions ion channels intercellular junctions and plasma desmoda in plants Cell differentiation occurs through gene regulation regulatory genes and a network of interactions requiring intercellular communication such as the nervous system in humans
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