Biol152 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 13 - 18Lecture 13 (March 17)What are the different plant types and what are some synapamorphines? Plantae are most terrestrial organisms and monophyletic. Plants contain several synapomorphy traits, such as containing a cuticle, an apical membrane, multicellular sporophyte, and walled spores. A cuticle is a waxy layer on top of the plant skin that protects the plant and prevents water loss. An apical membrane is similar to a plasma membrane and functions to protect the plant from the dangers in the environment and prevents water loss. A sporophyte is important for the plants life cycle and is essential in making spores. Walled sporesare a coat or wall that protects the inside of the plants from water loss. What are the components of the basic life cycle of plants?The plant life cycle contains alternating generations, where it alternates from the sporophyte generation to the gametophyte generation. The life cycle begins when a diploid sporophyte undergoes meiosis and produces a haploid spore. The haploids are transported by dispersion from the wind or animals. There the haploid spore undergoes mitosis, producing a gamete. The gamete undergoes fertilization, where the sperm is released by the stimulation of rain. Then finally, a fertilized gamete produces a sporangium. What are characteristics of nonvascular plants?Nonvascular plants are also known as Bryophytes and are not monophyletic. These plants do not contain vascular tissues, are relatively small in size, lack roots (instead they have rhizoids,hairy-like structures that increase the surface area). The dominant generation in the life cycle is the gametophyte generation. Water is required for the fertilization of gametes. Some examples of nonvascular plants are mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. What are characteristics of vascular plants?Vascular plants are a monophyletic group with the synapomorphies being that they contain vascular tissues. Some evolutionary trends are a reduction in size, independence of the gametophyte, and an increased role of the sporophyte. Because of these evolutionary trends, the sporophyte is the dominant generation in the life cycle. Similar to the nonvascular plants, water is required for fertilization. Examples are Lycophytes, Ferns and horsetails, all of which do not produce seeds. Lycophytes are commonly referred to as club mosses, most are extinct and the living species are usually low growing. These plants require a moist environment, and theleaves and roots are convergent similarity with the seed plants. The dominant generation is the sporophyte. The ferns and horsetails are often used as houseplants. These contain leaves with a branched vascular tissue and roots, a homologous characteristic to seed plants. The life cycle forthese plants closely resembles the common plant life cycle, but is dominated by the sporophyte generation. What are characteristics of seed plants?This is a monophyletic group, and the synapomorphies are that they contain seeds; the gametophyte develops in the sporophyte, pollen (not water) is required for fertilization, they contain ovules and they contain specific seed dispersal structure. Like the vascular plants, the seed plants contain a sporophyte-dominated life cycle. Examples of seed plants are Gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms contain seeds that are enclosed in ovaries. The life cycle begins when the cells in a male gametophyte, a microsporangium, undergo meiosis which then create microspores and then these produce pollen after undergoing mitosis. The female gametophyte, the megaporangium, undergoes meiosis and produces megaspores, whichthen go through mitosis to produce female gametophytes.Lecture 14 (March 19)What distinguishes Angiosperm from gymnosperm?Angiosperms are flowering plants, which means they contain seeds in the ovaries and contain flowers. Petals on angiosperms function to attract pollinators, such as bees and butterflies to transport pollen. Animal pollination is more efficient than wind pollination in gymnosperms. Dispersal decreases the competition between the plants and allows for colonization of larger areas.What is the basic life cycle of an angiosperm?The male gametophyte is pollen, and the female gametophyte is the egg. A pollen tube allows the sperm to be pushed down into the ovary and two sperms are released. One sperm will diffuse with an egg to produce a diploid zygote and the other sperm will fuse with the nucleiin the ovule, resulting in a triploid cell, which acts to protect the zygote.What are the different species of angiosperm?Angiosperms are a species-rich group; they have lots of diversity within the group. The main two sub categories are the monocots and the eudicots. The main difference between the two is that the monocots contain parallel veins on the leaves, whereas the eudicots contain netlike veins on the leaves. Examples of monocots are orchids, lilies, palm trees and barley. Examples ofeudicots are the dog rose, the California poppy, and zucchini plants.Lecture 15 (March 24)What is epithelial tissue and what is its function?Occurs in all the clades of animals, epithelial tissue is a sheet of cells that covers the internal and external surface. The basal surface rests on the basal lamina, made up of protein fibers. Intercellular junctions join the cells that make up the epithelial tissue. The function of this tissue is to provide protection, absorbing nutrients, and secreting substances. What are connective tissue and its function?This tissue is found in some but not all animal clades. This tissue is composed of a few scattered cells, surrounded by extracellular junctions. The function of this tissue is to provide transport, storage and a means of transportation. Some examples include bone and blood in animals.What is nervous tissue and its function?The nervous tissue forms the nervous system in some, not all, animals. The function of the nervous tissue is to provide coordination of muscle contractions, sense the environment and regulate and stabilize the internal state. How is a neural impulse generated?Neurons have differences in electrical charge, with a negative charge on the inside and a positive charge on the outside. Upon receiving sensory stimuli, the neuron will be activated and a neural impulse makes its way down the neuron. As the neural impulse moves along the neuron, certain voltage-gated channels open allowing first sodium out then potassium