BIOl 152 1st Edition Lecture 13Outline of Last Lecture I. Plant tissueII. Leaf functionIII. StomataIV. Vascular tissueV. Substance TransportVI. Transfer of Xylem SapVII. Sugar Transport systemOutline of Current Lecture I. Plant DiversityII. Basic Plant Life CycleIII. Nonvascular plantsIV. Vascular plantsV. Seed PlantsCurrent LectureI. Plant DiversityPlantae are diverse organisms and most closely related to the Charophytes, otherwise known as green algae. This taxon is paraphyletic, and mostly aquatic whereas the Plantae are most terrestrial organisms and monophyletic. Plants contain several synapomorphy traits, such as containing a cuticle, an apical membrane, multicellular sporophyte, and walled spores. A cuticle is a waxy layer on top of the plant skin that protects the plant and prevents water loss. An apical membrane is similar to a plasma membrane and functions to protect the plant from the dangers in the environment and prevents water loss. A sporophyte is important for the plants life cycle and is essential in making spores. Walled spores are a coat or wall that protects the inside of the plants from water loss. II. Basic Plant Life cycleThe plant life cycle contains alternating generations, where it alternates from the sporophyte generation to the gametophyte generation. The life cycle begins when a diploid sporophyte undergoes meiosis and produces a haploid spore. The haploids are transported by dispersion from the wind or animals. There the haploid spore undergoes mitosis, producing a These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.gamete. The gamete undergoes fertilization, where the sperm is released by the stimulation of rain. Then finally, a fertilized gamete produces a sporangium. III. Nonvascular PlantsNonvascular plants are also known as Bryophytes and are not monophyletic. These plants do not contain vascular tissues, are relatively small in size, lack roots (instead they have rhizoids,hairy-like structures that increase the surface area). The dominant generation in the life cycle is the gametophyte generation. Water is required for the fertilization of gametes. Some examples of nonvascular plants are mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. IV. Vascular PlantsVascular plants are a monophyletic group with the synapomorphine being that they contain vascular tissues. Some evolutionary trends are a reduction in size, independence of the gametophyte, and an increased role of the sporophyte. Because of these evolutionary trends, the sporophyte is the dominant generation in the life cycle. Similar to the nonvascular plants, water is required for fertilization. Examples are Lycophytes, Ferns and horsetails, all of which do not produce seeds. Lycophytes are commonly referred to as club mosses, most are extinct and the living species are usually low growing. These plants require a moist environment, and the leaves and roots are convergent similarity with the seed plants. The dominant generation is the sporophyte. The ferns and horsetails are often used as houseplants. These contain leaves with a branched vascular tissue and roots, a homologous characteristic to seed plants. The life cycle forthese plants closely resembles the common plant life cycle, but is dominated by the sporophyte generation. V. Seed PlantsThis is a monophyletic group, and the synapomorphines are that they contain seeds; the gametophyte develops in the sporophyte, pollen (not water) is required for fertilization, they contain ovules and they contain specific seed dispersal structure. Like the vascular plants, the seed plants contain a sporophyte-dominated life cycle. Examples of seed plants are Gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms contain seeds that are enclosed in ovaries. The life cycle begins when the cells in a male gametophyte, a microsporangium, undergo meiosis which then create microspores and then these produce pollen after undergoing mitosis. The female gametophyte, the megaporangium, undergoes meiosis and produces megaspores which then go through mitosis to produce female