BIOl 152 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I Phylogenetic tree II How to read a phylogenetic tree Outline of Current Lecture I Phylogeny Significance II Classification III Binomial nomenclature IV Monophyletic group Paraphyletic group Polyphyletic group Current Lecture I Phylogeny Significance The significance of phylogeny is that it is a means that allows scientists to interpret patterns of evolutionary change it helps trace origins of disease and helps classification of species II Classification Taxonomic classifications are information storage and retrieval systems This system was established by Linnaeus and is still used today The classification begins with a species similar species then make up a genus and similar genera make up a family Similar families make up an order and then similar orders make up a class Similar classes make up a phylum and phyla form a kingdom The species is least inclusive and the kingdom is most inclusive in this classification system III Binomial Nomenclature This is a system of naming organisms in a species the name of the genus comes first followed by the specific epithet and is usually expressed in italics For example humans are referred to as Homo sapiens where homo is the genus and sapiens is the specific epithet IV Monophyletic group Paraphyletic group Polyphyletic group A monophyletic group consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants For example tetrapods are monophyletic because they share the same ancestor that no other taxon shares A paraphyletic group includes a common ancestor but not all the descendants For example These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute reptiles include turtles crocodiles and snakes but exclude birds even though they share a common ancestor A polyphyletic group does not include the recent common ancestor and focuses on convergence similarities For example birds and bats are a polyphyletic group because they do not share a recent common ancestor but both have wings
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