Psyc 222 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 19 - 28Lecture 19,20&21 (March 20-25)Stimulants• Stimulants are substances that cause the user to feel pleasant effects such as anincrease in energy.• Cocaine is derived from the coca plant, which has been used for its stimulanteffects for thousands of years.• The coca leaf was an important part of Incan culture and civilization; coca wastreated as money even by invaders.• Angelo Mariani was a French chemist who used extracts from coca in multipleproducts, wine being the most profitable.• Dr. W.S. Halsted experimented with cocaine as a local anesthetic.• Sigmund Freud saw cocaine’s potential for treatment of a variety of complaints,and for many years he promoted its use; he later changed his opinion afterhelping a friend through an episode of cocaine psychosis.• Forty-six states passed laws to regulate cocaine between 1887 and 1914.• Articles written in 1914 made unsubstantiated claims that cocaine was used atvery high rates by Southern blacks, that they had “homicidal” tendencies becauseof this, and that they were unaffected by shots from .32 caliber guns. These andother articles in the press and in medical journals were a major influence on thepassage of the Harrison Act in 1914 and helped to shape current American druglaws.• Coca paste refers to coca leaves that have been mixed with an organic solvent,soaked, mixed, mashed, and had all the excess liquid filtered out. The paste canbe mixed with tobacco and smoked or made into cocaine hydrochloride, whichcan be snorted or injected.• Freebase is cocaine that is converted into a chemical base using an organicsolvent; it can then be heated and the vapors inhaled. The process is verydangerous as the solvents used are often flammable.• Crack refers to cocaine mixed with baking soda and water and then dried in smalllumps or “rocks.”• At the end of the 1960s, cocaine use began to increase again due to increases inthe cost of amphetamines.• Before 1985, cocaine came to symbolize wealth and fame. • An inexpensive ($5 to $10 a hit) form of cocaine that could be smoked (“crack)became available; its use became associated with poor urban neighborhoods.History repeated itself with the media and politicians going after a certain groupwho used the drug.• The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 targeted high-level crack dealers by loweringthe amount of drug required to trigger mandatory minimum drug traffickingsentences.• The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 added tougher penalties for first time users.After these two laws passed, there was an increase in the number of blackAmericans in jail and, thus, concerns about fairness and racial profiling wereraised.• Cocaine blocks the reuptake of several neurotransmitters.• Chewing or sucking on coca leaves allows small amounts of cocaine to slowlyenter the bloodstream.• Snorted cocaine is absorbed quickly, resulting in rapid effects.• Intravenous cocaine use provides rapid but brief effects.• Smoking crack became a preferred way to use cocaine because no needles areused and the high occurs as rapidly as in injected cocaine use.• The anesthetic properties of cocaine were recognized in 1860 but not usedmedically until 1884; cocaine is still used in surgery in the nasal and laryngealregions.• Acute toxicity of cocaine (a lethal dose) is hard to estimate due to variationsamong users.• In rare cases, binge use can lead to temporary episodes of paranoid psychosis. • Lab animals, if given the chance, will readily self-administer cocaine, indicatingthe strong dependence potential of cocaine.• Cocaine is easy to obtain in most major cities and is about 75 percent pure. Mostof it comes in from South American countries.• Amphetamines, patented in 1932, are potent synthetic stimulants capable ofcausing dependence.• Amphetamines were first used as replacement for ephedrine to treat asthma andlater used to treat narcolepsy.• Soldiers in WWII used amphetamines to fight fatigue.• Truck drivers and students use amphetamines to help them stay awake for longperiods.• One of several side effects of amphetamine use is that people takingamphetamines are not hungry; appetite suppression for weight loss became amajor use for amphetamines.• Until the 1960s, the problems with amphetamines were associated with illicit useof legally manufactured amphetamine; when regulations increased, clandestinemethamphetamine labs spread.• Amphetamines can be administered in a variety of ways including orally,intranasally, intravenously, and via inhalation.• When taking amphetamines orally, effects are felt about 1.5 hours after ingestingthem. This differs from intranasal peak effects that come 5-20 minutes aftertaking the drug.• With large doses taken over long periods, paranoia and panic can occur, possiblyleading to aggression and violence.• Amphetamine withdrawal effects tend to be relatively minor and do not occuramong all users.Lecture 22&23 (March 27-30) Depressants and Inhalants• Chloral hydrate was first synthesized in 1832 but not used clinically until 1870.Chloral hydrate has a short onset period (30 minutes), and 1 to 2 grams can inducesleep. Repeated use causes severe stomach pain.• Paraldehyde was first synthesized in 1829 and introduced clinically in 1882.• Paraldehyde has a large margin of safety and is a very effective CNS depressant;however, it has a noxious taste and odor.• Bromide salts were used in the nineteenth century to induce sleep; they were useduntil the 1960s in OTC meds. Bromides have serious toxic effects if used repeatedly.• Barbiturates were first used clinically in 1903. Barbiturates are very dangerous whencombined with alcohol; however, they are still used for sleep. Barbiturates aregrouped based on their time of onset and duration of action.• Meprobamate was the first modern antianxiety agent. Meprobamate can causephysical dependence with as little as twice the normal daily dose.• Sodium pentathol is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate used as an anesthetic forbrief surgical procedures. It is also used in psychotherapy and interrogations tomake people more relaxed and talkative. • Methaqualone was mass marketed as a safe sedative. Physicians