PSYC 222 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. General Principles of Drug Use• Definition of drugII. Psychoactive drug and Psychotropic drug• Drug abuse• Drug dependenceIII. Two ways of looking at drug use Outline of Current Lecture I. Drugs in early times• Shamanism• ShamanII. Drugs in 19th centuryIII. First half of the 20th century• Lysergic DiethylamideCurrent LectureI. The earliest experiences with psychoactive drugs came from tasting naturally growing plants . Individuals with knowledge about such plants were able to attain great power within their cultures. • Shamanism: The philosophy and practice of healing in which diagnosis or treatment is based on trancelike states, on part of either the healer (shaman) or the patient.• Shaman: Healer whose diagnosis or treatment of patients is based at least in part on trances. These trances are frequently induced by hallucinogenic drugs.Entheogens:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1) Peyote2)Psilocybin mushroomAncient Egyptians and Babyloanians in aprticular had extensive knowledge of both psychoactiveand nonpsychoactive drugs. Some of these drugs had genuine beneficial effects. Drugs have been used to alter mood and behavior for thousands of years for:1) Viking warriors ingested the mushroom Amanita Muscaria 2) Native American Indians used the peyote cactus 3)Ancient Sumerians used opium poppies4)Chinese used tea5) Almost ll cultures used alcohol II. Medical advances in the 1800's suceeded in the isolation of active ingredients within many psychoactive substances. Morphine was a major ingredient in Opium. Psychoactive drugs were used in patent medicines. only by the end of the century risks of drug dependence were being recognized.III. In the first half of the 20th century it was synthesis or clinical use of a wide variety of new psychoactive substances with potential therapeutic value.IV. In the 20th century there was increased concern about the social effects of drug dependence, which led to restrictive legislation regarding the use of morphine, heroin, cocaine, and marijuana. Social pressure from the temperance movement resulted in the national prohibition of alcohol consumption in the U.S from 1920 to 1933. After 1945 important strides were made in the development of antibiotics and psychiatric drugs. By the 1940's and 1950's illicit drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and marijuana were outside the mainstream of American life. The development of antihistamine led to the study of drugs and their influence on cognition, emotions, and behaviors. Cholorpromazine started the pharmacological revolution in psychiatry. Enthusiasm surrounding cholorpromazine caused medical communities to overlook lithium as a mood stabilizing drug. Lithium later replaced cholorpromazine as one of the most valuable treatments for clynical mood disorders. During the 1950's a multitude of drugs developed that revolutionized treatment of major mental and emotional illnesses. Since the 1950's, psychophaarmacologists have made great strides in understanding and treating virtually every affliction of the human mind.• Lysergic Diethylamide (LSD) created excitement during the 1950's. Over 1000 medical articles on LSD's potential therapeutic benefits were published. LSD and cholorpromazine instigated tremendous interest in biochemistry of the brain and psychoses.• In the 1960's and 1970's the use of marijuana and hallucinogenic drugs spread across the nation, along with an increase in problems related to heroin. A decline in heroin abuse in the 1980's was matched by an increase in cocaine abuse and the emergence of crack as a cheap, smokeable form of