PSYC 222 1st Edition Lecture 14Outline of Last Lecture i. U.S alcohol consumptionii. What is one drink?iii. Pharmacologyiv. Alcohol metabolismv. Sex differencesvi. mechanism of actionvii. behavorial effectsviii.driving under the influenceOutline of Current Lecture i. Physiological Effectsii. Acute Physiological toxicityiii. What is a hangover?iv. Chronic Toxicity in heavy usersv. Fetal Alcohol Syndromevi. Alcohol and Pregnancyvii. Withdrawal syndrome viii.stages of withdrawalix. dependent behaviorsCurrent LectureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Peripheral circulation; dilation of periphral blood vessels, drinkers lose body heat but feel warm. Fluid balance; alcohol has diuretic effcects that increase urine flow and lowers blood pressure in some individuals. hormonal effects; chronic alcohol abusers candevelop a variety of hormone related disorders; (disrupted reproductive functioning)ii. Alcohol overdose; if someone drinks enough to pass out do not leave the person alone. Place him or her on side and monitor breathing or take to ER immediately. If someone drinks enought to vomit; she or he should stop drinking. Vomitting reflex is supressed at BAC's above 0.20 and can quickly reach lethal levelsiii. Symptoms; upset stomach, fatigue, headache, thirst, depression, anxiety, and general malaise. Possible causes; Alcohol withdrawal, exposure to congeners cellular dehydration, gastric irritation, reduced blood sugar and/or the accumulation of acetaldehyde.iv. Brain tissue loss and cognitive impairment; Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome. Heart disease;cardiomyopathy, heart attack, hypertension, stroke. Although moderate alcohol use may reduce heart attack risk. Liver disease; hepaptitis, fatty liverv. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS); facial and developmental abnormalities associated with mothers alcohol use during pregnancy. Related to peak BAC and duration of alcohol exposure. Prevalence 0.2- 1.5 per 1000 births. Diagnostic criteria (one must be present) Growth retardation before and/or after birth. Pattern of abnormal features of the face and head. Evidence of CNS abnormality.vi. All alcohol related developmental abnormalities associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. Prevalence 80 to a few hundred per 1000 births. During pregnancy increases risk of spontaneous abortion.vii. Abstinence syndrome is medically more severe and more deadly than opioid withdrawl; if untreated mortality can be as high as 1 in 7viii.Stage 1: tremors, rapid heartbeat, hypertension, heavy sweating, loss of apetite, insomnia. Stage 2: hallucinations. Stage 3: Delusions, disorientation, delirium. Stage 4: seizures. Detoxification should be carried out in an impatient medical setting. Sedatives given in stage or 2 prevent stages 3 and 4ix. Alcoholics anonymous view; Alcohol dependence as a progressive disease characterized by loss of control over drinking. Only treatment is abstinence from alcohol. Disease model: alcohol dependence is the primary disease and not the result of another underlying cause. Alternative view: APA explicitly defines alcohol use disorder; alcoholuse disorder is a complex psychosocial disorder; cognitive and genetic factors are of current scientific