Psyc 222 1st Edition Exam # 2 Study GuideMedication for mental disordersLecture 9-11 (February 13th-18th)Key points• The treatment of mental illness has changed over the years. Currently the principlemethod of therapy is drug therapy.• Applying the medical model, the patient shows symptoms, he or she is diagnosed, thecause is determined, and then the illness is treated. The medical model may notadequately explain the basis of mental disorders.• The APA’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders provides criteria forclassifying mental disorders.• Anxiety disorders, including, specific phobias, panic disorder, and generalized anxietydisorder, are commonly treated with benzodiazepines and other depressants.• Psychosis is a major loss of contact with reality; people suffering from a long-termpsychotic condition with no known cause are often diagnosed with schizophrenia.• “Malaria therapy” was used to treat general paresis because it was believed that the feverassociated with malaria helped the condition. Later, antibiotics were developed to treatthe underlying physical condition.• Thiopental sodium (“truth serum”) was used in therapy to help patients express repressedthoughts and feelings.• In the 1930s, European physicians used various chemicals to induce either coma orconvulsions to treat patients. • Electroconvulsive therapy replaced drug-induced seizures, and while not effective inschizophrenia, it is still used today in treating patients with severe depression who do notrespond to medications. • Phenothiazines calm schizophrenic patients without inducing drowsiness or loss ofconsciousness.• Antipsychotic drugs block D2 dopamine receptors.• Pseudoparkinsonism is sometimes a side effect of those treated with phenothiazines.• Atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine blocks D2 dopamine and 5HT2A serotoninreceptors.• Clozapine produces less pseudoparkinsonism than other antipsychotics and helps somepatients who do not improve on other drugs.• Benefits of antipsychotic drugs are that few are addictive and it is difficult to use them tocommit suicide.• Antipsychotics are also used in children and the elderly, though there is evidence tosuggest that use of the drugs in these populations is associated with increased risks. • Use of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors for the treatment of depression is limiteddue to risks and side effects. Tricyclic antidepressants have little effect on psychoticsymptoms but improve the mood of depressed patients. Selective serotonin reuptakeinhibitors (SSRIs) changed how antidepressants were looked at and marketed; Prozac andother SSRI drugs are safer than tricyclic antidepressants because they are less likely tolead to overdose deaths.• Most antidepressants work by increasing the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin atthe respective synapses.• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective treatment for severe depression,especially if suicide is a risk. ECT provides faster results than drug therapy.• Mood stabilizers like lithium show good results with manic individuals but little or noimprovement in depressed individuals.• One consequence of the introduction of antipsychotics, antidepressants, and mood stabilizers is that the number of people in mental hospitals declined significantly. The number of outpatient programs has increased dramatically, as has the number of people on antidepressant drugs. Psychiatrists are more likely to prescribe drugs than to prescribe psychotherapy.AlcoholLecture 12-14 (February 20th-25th) Key Points• Fermentation is the basis for all alcohol. The type of alcoholic beverage and the alcoholcontent depend on what fruits, grains, and yeast are used. To obtain a beverage withmore than 15 percent alcohol requires the use of distillation.• In the U.S., the percent of alcohol content is indicated by proof. The percent alcohol ishalf the proof value; 90-proof whiskey is 45 percent alcohol.• Beer is about 4 percent alcohol. It is made by adding barley malt to other grains; thenhops are added with the yeast. Different techniques produce a variety of beers.• In the United States, Anheuser-Busch, and MillerCoors represent the majority of beersales. • There are two main types of American wine: generics and varietals. Generics aredeveloped to taste like the traditional wines from a particular region in Europe, afterwhich they are named. Varietal wines are typically more expensive and are madeprimarily from a specific type of grape.• Distilled spirits were first known to Europeans as fermented malted barley. Whiskeymade in the U.S. began to grow in popularly in 1789. • In the 1700s, most Americans drank more alcoholic beverages than water because waterwas sometimes contaminated. Alcoholic drinks were seen as good and drunkenness asbad; problems with alcohol were viewed as stemming from the person and not thebeverage.• Views changed after the American Revolution when alcohol was more likely to itself becharacterized as “evil” and demonized. In 1784, Dr. Benjamin Rush documented theproblems of heavy drinking such as jaundice, delirium, and seizures.• The temperance movement initially promoted abstinence from distilled spirits andmoderate consumption of beer and wine; later, the temperance movement began to pushabstinence from all alcoholic beverages.• On January 16, 1920, one year after the 36th state ratified the law, the 18th Amendmentwent into effect. It made the sale, manufacture, and transport of intoxicating liquorsillegal.• As a result, organized crime became more organized and profitable.• During Prohibition, both alcohol consumption and deaths from alcohol declined.• On February 20, 1933, Prohibition was repealed by the 21st Amendment; loss of federaltax revenue was one of the reasons for the repeal.• Some state and local governments remained completely dry or allowed the sale of onlybeer and wine.• The age at which someone can legally drink was set at 18 or 21, depending on the state,until 1988, when all states were required to have a minimum age of 21 or lose federaltransportation funds.• Today, alcohol taxes represent about 1 percent of all taxes