PSYC 222 1st Edition Lecture 19Outline of Last Lecture • Abuse and dependence • toxicity potential Outline of Current Lecture i. stimulantsii. cocaine historyiii. early legal controls on cocaine iv. forms of cocaine v. contemporary legal controlsCurrent Lecturei. Stimulants are substances that can keep a person going, both mentally and physically. 1.) Restricted stimulants: Ex- cocaine and methamphetamine. 2.)Readily available stimulants: Ex- caffeine and nicotine. 3. Psychmotor stimulants: stimulate neurotransmitters. (Epinephrine; EA, Norephinepherine; NE, Dopamine; DA, Serotonin; 5-HT).ii. Coca: A bush that grows in the Andes and produces cocaine. Harvested for thousands of years and actively cultivated for over 800 years. The coca leaf was an important part of Inca culture. Used in religious ceremonies and as currency. Some natives of the Andes still chew coca leaves to reduce fatigue and increase productivity. Cocaine was in use of Europe by the 19th century. Coca wine: Developed by Angelo Mariani. Used coca leaf extract in many other products including lozenges and tea. Cocaine was also used in the U.S in early versions of Coca cola and in many patent medicines. Cocaine was isolated from the plant before 1860. Processing 500 kilo of coca leaves yields/ kilo of cocaine. Medical Use: 1.) Dr. W.S. Halsted experiemented with cocaine as a local anesthetic. 2.) Delivered via newly developed hypodermic syringe. 3.) "Father of Modern Surgery". Early Psychiatric Uses: 1) Sigmund Freud studied use of cocaine as a treatment for depression and morphine dependence. Later opposed use of the drug after nursing a friend through cocaine psychosis. iii. Press and politicians made unsubstantiated claims about cocaine use among southern blacks: 1) Widespread use 2) Associated with increased violent crime. Negatively racially charged publicity about cocaine helped shape American drug policy.iv. 1) Coca paste: crude extract created during the manufacture of cocaine. In South America often mixed with tobacco and smoked. 2) Cocaine hydrochloride: most common form of pure cocaine. Stable water soluble salt. Often insufflated. 3)Free Base: extraction of cocaine base with solvent (ether). 4) Crack cocaine: lumps of cocaine base prepared by mixing cocaine with water and baking soda. Powder and crack are the same drug. Cocaine base is the active ingredient in all forms of cocaine. v. Cocaine use increased in the late 1960's. Prior to 1895, the major form of the drug available was cocain hydrochloride. 1) Most often insufflated. 2) Usually sold in bulk amounts thar were relatively expensive. 3) Cocaine use was associated with status, wealth, and fame. By the mid 1890's, crack became available. 1) Relatively inexpensive (5$ to 10$ a hit). 2) Smoked cocaine use was associated wth poor black
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