PSYC 222 1st Edition Lecture 26Outline of Last Lecture • Life of Heroin addict• Abuse of prescription Opioids• Prescription pain medication misuse and abuse• Mechanism of action• Opioid antagonists• Opioid use after Harrison Act• Heroin use in vietnam • Heroin Production and purity• MisconceptionsOutline of Current Lecture i. Terminologyii. classificationiii. LSD: Discoveryiv. LSD: Early Researchv. LSD Pharmacologyvi. Psychological and behavioral effectsvii. Acute Long term effectsviii.mescalineix. Amphetamine Derivativesx. Deliriants xi. PCPxii. Anticholinergic HallucinationsCurrent Lecturei. Phantastica: drugs that create a world of fantasy. Psychedelic: "mind-viewing". Implies a beneficial visionary type of effect. Pscyhotomimetic: "mimicking psychosis". Produces hallucinations and altered reality, a stat similar to psychosis. Entheogen: substances that create spiritual or religious experiences. Entactogen: substances that enhance feelings ofempathy. Hallucinogens: a drug that produces profound alternations in perception including unusual visual sensations and changes in the perceptio of ones own body. ii. Hallucinogens can be classified by: Chemical structure, known pharmacological properties, how much loss of awareness they cause, and how dangerous they are. 2 major groups: 1) Phantastica: altered perceptions while allowing the user to remain in communication with the present world. 2 groups of phantastica is 1) Indole hallucinogens: drugs that have the same basic indole structure of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Ex: LSD, psilocybin. 2) Catechol hallucinogens: drugs that have the same basiccatechol structure of the neurotransmitters norenpinphrine and dopamine. EX: mescaline, MDMA (estcasy or molly). Another major group of hallucinogens is 2)Deliriants: produce more mental confusion, greater clouding of consciousness, and a loss of touch with reality.iii. 1938: Synthesized by Dr. Albert Hofmann of Sandoz labaratories in Switzerland. 1943: Dr.Hoffman took a large dose and described its hallucinogenic effects. Dose was 5-8 times the normal effective dose. Potency of the drug attracted attention. Comparable effects from mescaline would require 4,000 times the dose.iv. 1950-1970s: A tremendous amount of LSD research attempting to develop a model of psychosis. Widely used as an adjunct to psychotherapy. 1970s: Funding institutes stopped supporting human research. Most research since 1975 has been conducted withanimals in an effort to understand the mechanism at a neural level. Secreat Army/ CIA Research was poorly done and violated many ethical codes. U.S required to pay reparations to research subjects.v. 1 of the most potent psychoactive drugs. Non known human has OD deaths. LD50 is about 400 times the behaviorally effective dose. LSD is usually taken orally. Absorbed rapidly through gastrointestinal tract. Mechanism of action: best evidence indicates LSD acts by stimulating serotonin- 2A receptors. Is metabolized by the liver. 1/2 life is about 3hours. Tolerance develops rapidly. Within 3 to 4 days of daily doses. Recovery from tolerance is also rapid. Cros tolerance occurs among LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin.vi. Modification of perception: Visual images: users see shapes and patterns, usually with intense colors and brightness. Users reported altered sense of time, changes in the perception of their own bodies and alterations of auditory input. Synesthesia: "Mixing ofsenses". Sounds may appear as visual images. Enhanced emotionality: Images may be percieved as beautiful and awe-inspiring or as intensly sad or frightening. Typically last 6 to 9 hours. First 20 mins: Autonomic responses occur. Next 30-40 min: alterations in mood, perception and sensation begin. Within 1 hour: full intoxication occurs. Loss of self-awareness and loss of control of behavior may occur.vii. Research has increased. Investigations on drug effects on feelings of spirituality. Acute Effects: Psilocybin dose dependently induces intense changes in mood perception and thought. Psilocybin is several varieties of "magic mushroom". Psilocybin mexicana is the most well known. Psilocybin is primary active ingredient. 1958: Albert Hofmann isolated psilocybin. Dried Mushrooms are 0.2-0.5% psilocybin. It is a pleasurable effect by most. At high doses can cause anxiety. viii.Peyote: small spineless, carrot shaped cactus. Mescaline is primary active ingredient. Synthesized in 1918. More than 30 psychoactive compounds have been identified in peyote. Cultural Use: Native American church uses peyote as sacrament. Church is an amalganation of Christianity and traditional beliefs adn practices of Native Americans. Legal Issues: 1990: Supreme Court ruled that Oregon could prosecute its citizens for using peyote. 1994: U.S Congress passed a law stating that "No Indian shall be penalized for peyote use for legitimate traditional uses. Pharmacology: Rapidly absorped after oraladministration. 1/2 life about 6 hours. Low dose effects are euphoric. Higher doses causethe full set of hallucinogenic effects. Tolerance develops more slowly to mescaline than LSD. ix. Large group of synthetic hallucinogens. Chemically related to amphetamines. Anecdotally effects are similar to mescaline. Chemical structure close to amphetamines. Ex:MDA, DOM, MDMA (ecstasy or molly). Prior to 1985 it was used as a therapeutic aid. After 1985: Schedule I. Effects: Increased heart rate and blood pressure. Increased Euphoria and socialbility. Heightened sense of "closeness" with others. x. Phantastica: have similar effects. Act primarily through serotonin 2A receptors. By comparison, deliriants have a greater tendency to produce mental confusion and a loss of touch with reality. Act through a number of different brain mechanisms.xi. Generic name: Phencyclidine. By 1960 PCP has been characterized as excellent anesthestic for monkeys, and medically safe but psychologically troublesome for humans. Currently PCP licensed as animal anesthestic. In 1970s: "Angel dust"= PCPsprinkled on herbs sold as marijuana. Inexpensive and easy to manufacture. Most commo cause of drug induced visits to ER. Binds selectively to "sigma" receptor.xii. Contains natural and synthetic chemicals. Natural chemicals come from potato family. 3 pharmacologically active alkaloids are responsible for the effects of these plants. 1) Atropine (dl-hyosyicyamine) 2) seopolamine 3) I-hyoscyamine. All potent central and peripheral cholinergic blockers. Psychological