Psyc 222 1st Edition Lecture 20Outline of Last Lecture• Stimulants• cocaine history• early legal controls on cocaine • forms of cocaine• contemporary legal controls Outline of Current Lecture i. Contemporary legal controlsii. mechanism of actioniii. absorption and onset of effectsiv. cocaine eliminationv. concerns: acute toxicityvi. concerns: dependence potentialvii. concerns: reproductive effectsviii.current pattern of use ix. Amphetamines historyCurrent Lecturei. Media and politicians focused on crack use among urban black americans. Associated with violence and dependency. Anti-drug abuse act of 1986. Penalties for sale of crack cocaine significantly more severe compared with powder cocaine. Tougher penalities for the 1st time users of crack. U.S sentencing commission concerns about policy: penalties serverity disproportion impacted blacks. Exaggerrated relative harmfulness of crack. ii. Cocaine mode of administration is complex. Blocks reuptake of dopamine, serotonin andnorepinephrine. GABA and glutamate have also been implicated These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. 1. Chewing or sucking coca leaves: slow absorption and onset of effects. 2. Insufflation: snorting, absorbed through nasal mucous membranes, rapid absorption and onset of effects. 3. Inravenous injection: rapid, brief, effects. 4. Smoked: rapid and brief effects.iv. Metabolized by enzymes in blood and liver. 1/2 life about 1 hour. Major metabolites have a 1/2 life of 8 hours. Detected by urine drug screens. tkaes abou 3 days for metabolites to be completely eliminated after moderates use. v. 1. No evidence that occasional use of small amounts is detrimental to health. 2. Potential toxicity increases with larger doses. Profound CNS stimulation. Can lead to respiratory or cardiac arrest. 3. Illicit cocaine is often adulterated. Alduterants are more toxic than the drug. 4. Binge use- taken repeatedly at high doses increasingly. Risks: irritability, restlessnes, paranoia. Can result in paranoid psychosis. Most recover once thedrug leaves the system. vi. 1. Cocaine addiction occurs in some users. Powerfully reinforcing drug. Ex: animals will readily self administer the drug by lever pressing. 2. After binge use some people experience withdrawl. Cocaine craving, irritability, anxiety, depression, increased appetite, and fatigue.vii. 1. "Crack Baby" phenomenon. Media reports overstated the expected long term effects of cocaine exposure. Recent studies indicate no consistent associated between cocaine exposure and several developmental measures. 2. Cocaine use during pregnancy. Increased risk of miscarriage torn placenta. viii.NSDUH and MTF surveys indicate: less than one % of adults currently use cocaine. Down from a peak of 12% in the 1980's. In general, usage rates of cocaine and amphetamine tend to cycle in opposition to each other. When cocaine use decreases, amphetamine use may increase. ix. The chinese used a medicinal tea made from Ma Huang (Ephedra). The active ingredientis ephedrine. 1. Stimulates sympathetic branch of autonomic system. Sympathomimetic drug, used to treat Asthma. Amphetamine, synthesized chemical similar to ehpedrine, patented in 1932. Early medical use: Asthma, narcolepsy, hyperactivity in children, apetite suppressant, and