PSYC 222 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture i. Electroconvulsive Therapyii. Mood Stabilizersiii. Consquences of PharmacotherapyOutline of Current Lecture Alcoholi. distilled productsii. beeriii. wineiv. distilled spiritsv. early u.s views on alcohol usevi. temperance movement vii. prohibitionviii.regulation and taxationix. alcohol consumption patternsCurrent Lecturei. Distillation is evaporation and condensing of alcohol vapors to produce beverages with higher alcohol content. Process discovered in Arabia around AD 800. Introduced in Europe in the 10th century. Proof is a measure of a beverages alcohol content, twice the percentage of alcohol by weight. 90 proof whiskey is 45% alcohol.ii. Production mass: beer is made by adding barley malt to other cereal grains. Hops are added with yeast to give beer its distinctive flavor. Most beer sold in the U.S is mass produced by 2 largest brewer; imported beers and microbreweries are growing in population. The types of beer are: Ale which uses top fermentation yeast, and warm temperature snd shorter fermentation. Lager beer is the most common in the U.S. Yeastsettles to the bottom of mash to ferment, cooler temperature and slower fermentation. Light beer is femented at a longer and cooler temperature. More sugar converted to alcohol, then thy add water.iii. Production: wine is made from fermented grapes. Produced by both small and large wineries. Most wines contain 12% alcohol. The quality factors include: selection and cultivation of grapevines, weather, timing of harvest, and careful monitoring of fermentation and aging. The different types of wine are generic vs. varietals, red vs. white, sweet vs. dry, sparkling wines, and fortified wines (alcohol content near 20%).iv. Grain neutral spirits are clear, tasteless, nearly pure alcohol (190proof) produced by distillation, sold as everclear to consumers and used in research, and used to make various beverages; gin and vodka. Contains relatively few congeners; (other alcohols andoils conatined in alcoholic beverages). Whiskey is distilled of fermented grain, distilled at lower proof (160) and contains more congeners and some flavor from the grain. Usually aged for at least 2 years. The types of whiskey are rye whiskey, corn whiskey (bourbon), and blended whiskey.v. Before American revolution most people drank more alcohol than water and drunkenness was viewed as misuse of positive product. After American revolution alcohol was viewed as the cause of serious problems. Alcohol was the 1st psychoactive substance to become demonized in American culture.vi. In the temperance movement Benjamin Rush wrote pamphlets saying heavy drinking equals health problems. Alcohol uses damages morality, and that alcohol addiction is a disease. The temperance society initially promoted abstinence from distilled spirits only, later promoted total abstinence, and it became fashionable to "take the pledge"vii. States began passing prohibiton laws in 1851; by 1917, 64% of Americans lived in "dry territory"; laws reflected issues of class, ethnicity, religion, and immigration. Federal prohibition made the 18th admendment (1919) ban the sale of alcohol; people still drank illegally in speakeasis and private clubs and legally through purchase of patient medicines. Enforcement was challenging nd expensive. The outcomes of prohibition included: Organzed crime became more organized and profitable, alcohol dependence and alcohol related deaths declined. The banning of alcohol had been repealed by the 21st admendment (1933). The reasons for appeal is that alcohol taxes had been a major source of revenue, and concerns that widespread disrespect for prohibition laws encouraged a general sense of lawlessness. The outcomes of repeal included alcohol percapita sales and consumption increased, and returned to pre-prohibition levels after WW2.viii.Regulation after 1933: some states remained dry initially, but most allowed beer sales. Mississippi was the last dry state. 1970's drinking ages were lowered to 18-19 years old in 30 states; then raised again to age 21 followng safety concerns. Taxation: federal and state taxes and licensing fees equals about half the price of an alcoholic beverage.ix. Consumption patterns are influenced by cultural factors. Alcohol use peaked in 1981 andthen declined. American consumption per person, per year: Beer (27 gallons or over 1 gallon of alcohol), Spirits (0.75 gallon of alcohol), Wine (0.33 gallon of