SOC 100 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 12-21What to Study? Look over lectures, study quizzes and study vocab.This study guide only includes important parts of the lecture and all vocab. The answers to some of the questions are located in my lectures posted on GradeBuddy.Lecture 12 IncomeWhat is the American Dream? Describe the poverty threshold. What are some of the myths about the poor?Vocab:Social Mobility= The movement b/t different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society, can be either horizontal or vertical and can take place on the individual or group levelStructural mobility= that is inevitable from changes in the economy, such as the expansion of high-tech jobs in the past 20 yearsExchange mobility= occurs when people essentially trade positions; the number of overall jobs stays the same, with some people moving up into better jobs and others moving down into worse onesLecture #13 Gender and SexualityWhat does your sex depend on? What are intersexed people? What are gender roles?Sex= refers to the natural or biological differences that distinguish males and femalesSexuality= refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behaviorGender= is a social construct that consists of a set of social arrangements that are built around sex.Transgendered people= defy gender norms and blur accepted gender rolesTranssexuals= want to alter their gender by changing their appearance by medical interventionLecture #14 Gender and Sexuality (continued)What are the top plastic surgery trends? What is the top non-invasive procedure? Describe Feminism. What is opting out? Describe the Glass ceiling. What is the Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act? Name the four factors involved in the Earning Gap. Vocab:Essentialism= gender differences reflect naturally evolved dispositionsSocial constructionism= gender differences reflect the different social positions occupied by women and menStructural functionalist Approach= Men and women perform gender roles because it is the ideal way to raise childrenPsychoanalytic theories= Individualistic explanations for gender differences. Natural differences b/t men and women and those dictate how we behaveConflict theories= Patriarchal capitalist benefit through systems that subordinate womenSocialist feminist= All social relations, b/t workers stem from unequal gender relationsSocial constructionists= Gender is a process that people participate in with every social interaction they haveBlack feminist=Gender doesn’t exist in a vacuum; can’t look at men vs. women; Have to look at class and race as well. Women are not only more privileged than other women but also more privileged than some menMiddle range theories= Connect our day-to-day experiences to larger social forcesGlass escalator= men who enter female dominated jobs, rise faster and get promotions faster than femalesLecture #15 RaceWhere do scholars believe one human race originated from? What is another term for miscegenation? What best describes the treatment of Native Americans by settlers? Instead of amelting pot, we should be called what? What are the four ways to respond to oppression?What are the most racially segregated metropolitan areas?Vocab:Race= Defined as a group of people who share a set of characteristics and are said to share a common bloodline Racism= is the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal human traitsSocial Darwinism= some groups or races evolved more than other, and were better fit to surviveand even rule other racesEugenics= science of genetic lines and inheritable traits. Traits can be passed through bloodlinesand can be bred into populations or out of them. (Idea behind the Holocaust) Also applied this to people of mental abilitiesOne-drop rule= which evolved from U.S laws forbidding interracial marriage, was the belief that “one drop” of black blood makes a person black. Kept white population “pure”, and lumped anyone with black blood into one categoryExpulsion= forcible removal of population from a territoryGenocide= is the international extermination of an entire population defined as a race or a people.Racialization= is the formation of anew racial identity in which new ideological boundaries of differences are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people. Kind of like after 9/11 and Japanese internment campsEthnicity= is voluntary, self-defined, and not so closely linked with power differences. An identity becomes racialized when it is subsumed under a forced label, racial marker, or “otherness”Symbolic ethnicity= is ethnicity that is individualistic in nature and without real social cost for the individual. People during St. Patrick’s DayPluralism= in the context of race and ethnicity, refers to the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society, with no one group being in the majoritySegregation =is the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity. Was official policy until 1960s in U.S. Despite being illegal, there is till ample evidence of segregation today. Prejudice= refers to negative thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group. No way to monitor itDiscrimination= refers to the harmful or negative acts against people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial categoryOvert racism= considered unacceptable, there is a new kind of racism that focuses on cultural and national differences, rather than racial onesLecture #16 PovertyWhat does the culture of poverty argue? Describe the Gautreaux Assisted Living Program.Vocab:Poverty= Condition of deprivation due to economic circumstances that is severe enough that the individual cannot live with dignity in his or her societyPerverse incentives= are reward structures that lead to suboptimal outcomes by stimulating counterproductive behaviorUnintended consequences= results of a policy that were not fully anticipated at the time that policy was implemented, particularly, outcomes that are counter to the intentions of the policymakers.Absolute poverty= at the point at which a household’s income falls below the necessary level topurchase food to physically sustain its membersThe official poverty line= is calculated using a formula developed in the 1960s by Mollie Orshansky. Estimates food costs for minimum food requirements to determine whether a familycan afford to survive. Can be problematic, as the cost of food has decreased but the cost