Soc 10000 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture II. Sex and GenderIII. Intersexed peopledIV. TransgenderOutline of Current Lecture V. Plastic surgeryVI. GenderVII. TheoriesVIII. Unequal payCurrent LectureGender and Sexuality (continued)Plastic surgery trends- Breast augmentation and liposuction have flip flopped in previous yearso Breast augmentation regained the top spot in 2012o Liposuction followed closely behindo Rhinoplastyo Face-liftso However, if we include non-invasive procedures, Botox is clearly the leader of thepack 3.2 million Botox procedures compared to 370 thousand breast augmentationsTheories of Gender- Essentialism= gender differences reflect naturally evolved dispositions- Social constructionism= gender differences reflect the different social positions occupiedby women and men- Feminism is an intellectual, consciousness-raising movement based on the idea that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and respecto Seeks to get people to understand that gender is an organizing principle of lifeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Gender structures social relations on unequal ground, and thus power fundamentally at play when we talk about gender differencesThe Woman Question- Structural functionalist Approacho Men and women perform gender roles because it is the ideal way to raise children- Psychoanalytic theorieso Individualistic explanations for gender differenceso Natural differences b/t men and women and those dictate how we behave- Conflict theorieso Patriarchal capitalist benefit through systems that subordinate women- Socialist feministo All social relations, b/t workers stem from unequal gender relations- Social constructionistso Gender is a process that people participate in with every social interaction they have- Black feministo Gender doesn’t exist in a vacuum; can’t look at men vs. women Have to look at class and race as wello Women are not only more privileged than other women but also more privilegedthan some men- Middle range theorieso Connect our day-to-day experiences to larger social forcesSociology in the bedroom- Sexual practices vary across time and place, supporting the notion that sexuality is as much as a social construct as genderGrowing up, getting ahead, falling behind- Gender inequality is rampant in schools- Boys and girls are treated differently by teachers, and there are different expectations for their behavior and performance- The textbooks and other materials used in schools often reinforce gender stereotypesGender in the workplace- Women still face challenges; unequal pay, sexual harassment, sexism, tracking to certain kinds of jobs, the glass celling and more- Opting out- refers to a perceived trend among mostly middle class women of leaving the workforce to be full-time wives and mothers, in large part because of frustrations with the many obstacles they face on the job and the sense that they can find fulfillment in the home- Glass celling- social barrier that makes it difficult for women to rise to the top level of management- Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act= enacted in 2009, it eliminate the statue of limitations. Beforelaw was past, clock running, where you can sue if you saw a pay discrepancy.o Anytime a paycheck is issued a discrepancy, even 20 years later, can sue for unequal pay- Glass escalator- men who enter female dominated jobs, rise faster and get promotions faster than femalesEarning Gap: four factors1. Gender discrimination2. Heavy domestic responsibilities reduce women’s earnings3. Women tend to be concentrated in low-wage occupations and industries4. Work done by women is commonly considered less valuable than work done by men becauseit is viewed as involving fewer skillsSexual orientation- Homosexuality, which refers to the social identity of a person who has sexual attraction to and/or relations with people of the same sex, is a concept or identity that emerged in the mid-nineteenth century- Homosexuality was listed as a mental illness until 1973 when the APA removed it from the DSMo Thought psychiatric therapy can “cure” homosexuality Illegal, can really damage a person’s healthGender and sex in the news: Matthew Shepard hate crimes bill passes- Sexual orientation added to the list of features in which a sentence enhancement can be sought- Passed 11 years after the brutal attack in Laramie- Requires the FBI keep statistics on crime based on gender or gender