PSY 2013 1st Edition Lecture 6Outline of Current Lecture I. Application of Classical ConditioningII. Operant ConditioningA. Shaping and ChainingB. ConsequencesC. ReinforcersD. LimitationsCurrent LectureI. Application of Classical Conditioning- Does not use rewards or punishment; strictly associating things together; passiveconditioning- Animal Training- Substance addictions- Immune responsesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Walking into a doctors office- Watson (little Albert—movie) o Creating fears in babies (fear conditioning)o Never counter-conditioned bc his mom took him out and so hesprolly still afraid of small furry animalsII. Operant Conditioning- Uses rewards/punishment (operating/responding on the situation); active conditioning; individual has to do something- B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)- Law of Effect (Thorndike)- Skinner Boxo Kept an animal below average body weight to use food as reinforcement. EX. Rat in a box. Levers in a corner. Steps on lever -> food comes out. Figures out lever = food on accident.A. Shaping and Chainingo Pigeon pecking.o Dog rolling over. To teach lay down, start sitting and little by little make them lean down to get the treat. Chaining is how he now cant get the dog to only lay down (she always rolls over too).B. Consequences – all this relies on consequences- The organism produces a behavior and observes the consequences.- Reinforcement – increase likelihood of producing behavior in the future- Punishment – decrease “ “ “ - Typeso Positive reinforcer – adding desirable stimulus Getting a hug; watching tvo Negative reinforcer – remove an aversive stimulus Fastening seatbelt to turn off beeping; paroleo Positive punishment – (not good) administer an adverse stimulus Spanking; aggression; shockso Negative punishment – withdraw a desirable stimulus Time-outs; parking tickets; prison; revoked DLC. Reinforcers (applies to punishments too)- Primary reinforcero Satisfy a basic human need (hunger, thirst, shelter, safety, reproduction)- Secondary (conditioned) reinforcero Gain power by being paired w a primary reinforceo Comes to predict primary Rso Money is the biggest/most effective secondary reinforce- Immediate reinforcero Works w animals; they associate the reinforcer w the most recent events- Delayed reinforceo Does not work w animalso paychecksC2. Schedules of Reinforcement- Continuous reinforcemento Sit -> give treat; repeato Gain behaviors quickly; lose behaviors quickly (acquisition/extinction)- Intermittent reinforcemento Don’t get treat every time- Fixed-ratio- Variable-ratioo Never know how many times they have to produce the behavior; they just keep doing it; thus, most effective; addictive behaviors- Fixed-intervalo After every x minutes, if they have produced the behavior, they get a rewardo Does not teach continuous behavior- Variable-intervalo Every once in a while they get rewarded; checking behavior; still don’t maintain the behaviorD. Limitations- Cognitions – thought processes block out conditioningo Cognitive maps – wheres the stadium? Learning w.out reinforcemento Latent learning –t maze; learning w.out reinforcement, but behaviors aren’t produced until there is a reinforcement- Motivationo Intrinsic – self-reinforcement; something you enjoyo Extrinsic – cookie for reading book; when taken away, they don’t enjoy it anymore- Biological predispositionso Some things are impossible to teach; cooper cant flyo Instinctual drift – shepherd dog; as an animal gets older, they forget the training and they revert back to their instincts- Useso At schoolo Sportso At worko At