PSY2013 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 10-12Lecture 10 (March 12)What is Developmental Psychology? Deals with how kids develop, the stages they go through, and how to identify the stages.What are the two types of studies? Longitudinal and Cross-sectional. Longitudinal is following the same group of people throughout their lives. The down side to this is that it takes so long to gather a full set of data, and some people will drop out of the study or pass away. Cross-sectional looks at many different groups of people during the same time. The down side to this is cohort effects, or generation gaps. (We do not behave exactly the same as our grandparents did at our age.) However, you can combine the two by testing many age groups over a long period of time.What is temperament? A person’s innate personality.What is maturation? A child’s gradual unfolding of their genetic code. Some things are only achieved through maturation, no matter how much it is taught.What are the four areas of development? Physical, cognitive, social, and moral development.Physical development – some things we do are in our genetic code (no one teaches a baby how to hold onto its mother’s finger. It just does.) A chart of the average developmental timeline is below.Cognitive development – our ability to think, learn, adapt, etc. Includes memory, decision making, problem solving, nearly any kind of brain activity.How do children learn according to Jean Piaget? Children learn by creating schemas. We create them by asking questions like “What is that?”Assimilation – taking new things and combining them with schemasAccommodation – change the way schemas work to deal with new experiencesWhat are Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development? Sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage,concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage.Sensorimotor stage – birth to 2 years of age. No schemas, so they observe with all their senses. No object permanence – the idea that something exists even when you can’t see it.Preoperational stage – 2 to 6 years of age. Cannot perform mental operations. They are egocentric, they don’t understand other people have emotions of their own.What is the theory of mind? When we understand people do have their own thoughts/emotions. It is said that memories are not formed prior to thisConcrete Operational Stage – 7 to 11 years of age. Able to perform basic math, spelling, etc. BUT everything has to have something physical behind it. Formal Operational Stage – 12 and up. Able to think about abstract things and form their own thoughtsLecture 11 (March 31) Social development Be able to discuss attachment theory and the four types of attachment. Attachment Theory is the relationship between primary caregiver and a child (between 2-3 years of age.) Secure AttachmentAnxious Resistant (Learned behavior)Anxious Avoidant (Learned behavior)Disorganized/ DisorientedGeneral DescriptionNormal child, less likely to develop mental problems as adultsClingy, needy, overbearing as adultsDoesn’t like parents, stand-offish, become “I’ll call you in 3 years” adultsConfused, inconsistent, morelikely to develop mental problems as adultsParent Type Normal Absent Clingy InconsistentWhen Picked Up Fine, no crying Fine, no crying Screaming, fightingWho knows?When Put Down Fine, no crying Scream bloody murderFine, no crying Who knows?Approached by StrangerIndifferent Screaming Indifferent, unless picked upWho knows?Moral development – where does our perception of right and wrong come from?Be able to discuss Kohlberg’s Stage Theory. Three stages – preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Preconventional stage consists of punishment orientation (don’t do thisbecause bad things will happen) and naïve reward orientation (“I’ll get a cookie if I do this”). Parents determine right and wrong. Conventional stage consisted of good boy/girl orientation (wanting to “be a good person”) and authority orientation (following rules no matter what). People in this stage realize rules are necessary for order. Postconventional stage consists of social contract orientation (loop holes) and individual principles and conscience orientation (abstract ethical ideas determine right and wrong).-Social Psychology- This is NOT sociology.There are 6 areas of study in social psychology. Person perception, attitude, behavior in groups,attribution process, conformity and obedience, and relationship theory.Person Perception – how we form impressions of othersWhat are Social Schemas? How you determine what someone’s occupation, events, etc. (how they should behave). Stereotypes are a widely held belief that people are a certain way because they belong to a certain group. Prejudice is not liking someone for their group, and discrimination is treating them badly because of it.What is illusory correlation? This is when we remember things that match our schemas better than things that disprove them. We overestimate number of times it’s matched, and underestimate the times challenged.Know about ingroups and outgroups. Ingroups are people like us. We are more likely to trust these people than outgroups.Lecture 12 (April 2)Attitudes – outlook on an object of thought, or a social issue. What are the three components of attitudes? Cognitive, affective, and behavioral. Cognitive is based on facts and is well thought-out. Affective is purely emotional, less rational and thought-out, uses more passionate speech, and works most effectively with jury members. Behavioral is going off of what has been done in the past and is the hardest to sway.What is cognitive dissonance theory? Even though you may disagree with something, you are still doing it because it is worth more than it costs to you. “I hate this but I’m doing it anyway.”Attitudes can be changed. What are the two approaches? Foot-in-the-door v. Door-in-the-face approach. Foot/door is easing into what you really want from the other person. Ask for something small and grow your request upon each agreement. Door/face is asking for something no one would ever say yes to, then your request doesn’t seem so irrational. This method plays on reciprocity norms. These norms are widely accepted in our culture, not as much in others. This is the idea of give and take, or “you scratch my back, I scratch yours.”ctive in our culture than others because of reciprocity norms. (This is the idea of “You scratch my back, I