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A-State PSY 2013 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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PSY2013Exam # 2 Study Guide: 2/19/15 – 2/26/15Lecture 2/12/15What is learning? Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experiences. There are three main types, but only one was covered in this lecture, which was…Classical Conditioning. Created by Ivan Pavlov, this type of learning deals with the pairing or association of two unrelated things to each other.IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY UNCONDITIONED/CONDITIONED STIMULI/RESPONSES.A US -> UR pairing is one that is completely natural (neither things are conditioned, or taught). An example of this would be an electric shock (US) causing your heart rate to change (UR). Your heart did not have to be conditioned to change when shocked.A CS is formed when two US’s are paired. This was illustrated through the example of the baby. The parents wanted it to blink when someone said hello, so they would say hello and puff air into its eyes. The baby learned the word “hello” would be followed by a puff of air, so it would blink when it heard the word. “Hello” became a CS.The best example I can think of for a US -> CR pairing would be sneezing. We are not taught or prompted to sneeze, but when we do we say “Excuse me” (or “bless you” to someone else). Thesneeze is the US and our verbal reply is the CR.It is important to remember that even if a response is conditioned, it is still unconscious.(Reminder: There are practice problems posted on Blackboard to help you. If you still feel unsure, try YouTube. There are tons of videos with illustrations.) These are some important terms to know that go with Classical Conditioning.Acquisition – pairing US w/ US so that it becomes a CSExtinction – the CS is no longer recognized as paired with the USSpontaneous recovery – extinction has occurred, but the previous CS triggers the previous response. A relapse, of sorts. This triggers addictions.Generalization and discrimination – subconsciously decided when to perform or when not to perform the response in untrained situations. (Deciding when to transfer your learning.)There are limitations to Classical Conditioning. It works well with animals, but due to cognitive processes in humans, we are able to block stimuli. You cannot condition something that is biologically predispositioned. Also, taste aversions can create conflict in an experiment.Lecture 2/19/15The second type of learning is Operant Conditioning. This was created by B. F. Skinner. This dealswith the interaction and cause and effect between the operant (or experimenter) and the respondent (test subject).The famous experiment(s) associated with this type of learning are the Skinner Box experiments. There are videos posted on Blackboard of a few of these. The common theme is using food rewards to teach behaviors to animals, whether it be pushing a lever or doing a certain behavior.Know the types of consequences. There are two types of consequences: reinforcers and punishments. Reinforcers are something the subject will enjoy, while punishments are to encourage the subject to not do something again. There are positives and negatives of each. Positives are when something is added to the situation, while negatives are when something is taken away. Examples:Positive reinforcer: (add a desirable stimulus) giving your dog a treat.Negative reinforcer: (remove an undesirable stimulus) the annoying dinging ceasing when you put on your seatbelt.Positive punishment: (add an undesirable stimulus) spanking, spraying your cat with a water bottle.Negative punishment: (remove a desirable stimulus) taking away a child’s television, games, etc.Know the different schedules. Fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval. Examples: When a teacher says you will have 5 tests in this class, and they will be three weeks apart from one another, this is an example of fixed-interval. Gambling is an example of variable-ratio.There are limitations to this type of learning as well. Similar to the limitations of classical conditioning, cognitions and cognitive maps can make connections with information not given by the experimenter. Also, motivations vary. Intrinsic motivation is doing something for your own reasons with little influence by others. Extrinsic motivation is when someone persuades you to make a decision. As before, biological predispositions are also a limitation.Lecture 2/24/15What is observational learning? Discovered by Albert Bandura, it is simply learning by watching (like the old phrase “monkey see, monkey do”). Rewatch the video of the Bobo dolls (on Blackboard). This experiment was to test if violent television could influence the behavior of children. In the video, children watched footage of a non-related adult beating up an inflatable clown. The man used no weapons, only punches, kicks, etc. When the children were told to go play in the room the video was filmed in, they began to abuse the doll as well even though they were never told to do so. Furthermore, they used “violent” objects such as guns, and a little girl even got creative and used a frying pan! Even though the man in the video never used anything but his hands, the kids got the message: hurt the clown.What is Milgram’s “other” study? In the 1970s, Milgram performed an experiment in New York City. During this time, there were only about 5 channels. There was one show that was aired nation-wide (but filmed in NYC) similar to Law and Order today. For the experiment, an episode was filmed but only aired in NYC. In the episode, a man went into a church, talked to the bishop,the bishop stepped out, and he stole money. After the episode aired, people were invited to thechurch for a “meeting”—the same church, same bishop, nearly identical scenarios. However, only one person stole money, and they later discovered he was in the control group—he didn’t even see the episode. This goes against the findings of the Bobo dolls experiment.There are some statistics in his powerpoint slides, but they won’t be tested.This is the end of the Learning chapter. Next is Memory.What are the three memory processes? Encoding (how information gets into memory), storage (how memories are maintained), and retrieval (how memories are accessed).Encoding is all about attention. What is the “Cocktail Party Effect”? Basically, it is the way we areconditioned to respond to certain stimuli while we ignore others. When you are at a cocktail party, there are lots of


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