Psy 2013 1nd EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Lectures: 13-17Lecture 13 (April 9) - PersonalityWhat is Personality? Your internal self, how you interpret events, how these affect your behaviors.What are the three parts of psychoanalysis (the mind), according to Freud? Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind. Conscious mind corresponds to the ego. It is what we areactively thinking. Preconscious mind is not our active thoughts, but we are capable of acknowledging it. Unconscious mind is the part we have no access to, but it still affects our conscious thoughts and behaviors. There are two parts of the unconscious mind: id and superego. The id is the basic need to survive and the desire to do whatever it takes to do it. The id is very selfish. The superego is the angel on the other shoulder saying, “No, you can’t do that.” Your ego (conscious mind) is what mediates between the two and ultimately decides youractions. Freud’s metaphor for psychoanalysis is the iceberg, where the part above water the accessible thoughts. The biggest part, however, is below the water.Know the psychosexual stages of development. Freud says that as we develop, our pleasure comes from different things; if we do not overcome each stage, it can lead to fixations in adulthood. There are 5 stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Oral (0-18 months) is pleasure centering on the mouth. The goal of this phase is to gain self-sufficiency for feeding themselves. Anal (18-36 months) is pleasure centering on bowel/bladder elimination. The goal is to gain control over restroom activities. Phallic (3-6 years) is pleasure centering on the genitals. The goal is to gain control over sexual feelings and develop gender roles. There are twoimportant parts to this stage: the Oedipus complex and the Electra complex. The Oedipus complex says that a boy’s first sexual desire will be Mommy, but Daddy creates castration anxiety. If the boy wants a woman like Mommy, he should act like Daddy, thus taking up his masculine behaviors. The Electra complex says a girl’s first sexual desire will be Daddy, but she soon learns he has something she doesn’t and believes Mommy did it to her as a warning. This creates penis envy and tension with Mommy. She soon represses her frustration and relates to Mommy, thus taking on the female gender role. Latency (6 to puberty) is pleasure centering on things such as school and hobbies. Sexual feelings are dormant. Genital (puberty on) is the maturation of sexual interest and pleasure is onceagain from the genitals, but now through sexualintercourse. These theories are untestable, andcreated so that Freud is always right (circulartheory).Know Carl Jung’s theories. Collective unconsciousdeals with having dreams that haven’t happenedyet, formed from our genetic history andarchetypes. It also deals with searching forunconscious thought by creating stories for pictures.Know Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.Lecture 14 (April 14) – Trait models, Psychological DisordersKnow the ways in which traits were studied throughout history. (Remember, traits only describe the person, not explain them.) First was Hippocrates, who said personality can be determined by bodily fluids: Red, black bile, yellow bile, and green bile. Excesses of the fluids caused their corresponding personality traits, so to fix them, they just drained the appropriate fluid. Gordon Allport said people should not be explained, just described. These are comparable to Buzzfeed quizzes—they tell you your answer but not why you are that way. Next was Isabel Briggs Myers who created a test meant to determine career paths. How are traits assessed? Personality inventories – taking a lot of questions and putting them in groups that seem to correspond to one another. Know the different types of trait assessment. MMPI-2 and Big Five Factor model. The MMPI-2 focuses on abnormal personality, disorders for the most part. This test was created for hospital use so that they could diagnose patients faster. The results were a number, and the number corresponded to a specific disorder. The Big Five Factor model studies 5 areas: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. This test’s results don’t change much with age, are not affected by cultural differences, and are highly predictive (i.e. highly conscientious people are morning people).Know about Social-Cognitive perspective and Reciprocal Determinism. There are 3 parts: choice, interpretation, and creation. We choose our environment, interpret the events, and create a new one in our minds depending on the interpretation, then the cycle repeats.Describe Locus of Control. Internal is when we feel we are determining the outcome or that we are in control. External is when we feel the environment or someone else is determining the outcome. What is learned helplessness? This is the realization that there is actually an external locus of control in the current situation, and nothing we do will affect it. What is the “self”? Thisis simply the way in which one sees oneself. We notice our little faults more than anyone else (spotlight effect). Self-esteem is one’s current opinion of self-worth. Self-serving bias is when weremember the positive events while forgetting the negative events.What three things justify a psychological disorder? Deviance, distress, and dysfunction. Deviance is something different about the person that is not related to culture, time, or context.This difference must cause distress to themselves, others, or society. Dysfunction is the interference with daily life, work, or relationships.Lecture 15 (April 16) – Personality DisordersWhat are the three models of personality disorders throughout history? The historical model: demonic possession used to be the believed cause of mental disorders, so the treatment was to beat them until the demon left the body, and eventually if the “demon did not leave”, death. Next was the medical model: disorders were treated as diseases, therefore treatment wasmedication (however, the medication was completely unrelated to the disorder in many cases). Then was the biopsychosocial model: psychological disorders are a combination of the biology, mind, and environment, and therefore must be treated across all three areas.What is the DSM-V? The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition is the current manual of every official psychological disorder (only