PSY 2013 1st Edition Lecture 15Outline of Last Lecture PersonalityI. What is Personality? II. PsychoanalysisA. Iceberg modelIII. Psychosexual Stages of DevelopmentA. CriticismsIV. Carl JungV. Humanistic PerspectiveOutline of Current Lecture Personality – Trait modelsI. Personality – Trait modelsII. Trait AssessmentIII. Social-Cognitive PerspectiveIV. Personal ControlV. SelfPsychological DisordersI. What justifies a psychological disorder?Current LectureI. Personality – Trait models- Freud was focused on the unconscious and the why aspects of personality- These are all conscious – merely describing a personA. Traits (Chronologically)- Began with Hippocrates – personality can be determined by excess of bodily fluids (4)o Red (blood) – super happy and easily excitedo Black bile (feces) – melancholic, irritable, angry, sensitive to touch, yella loto Yellow bile (puss) – choleric, irritable, rash, aggressiveo Green bile (flem) – unemotional, lazy, unmotivated- Gordon Allport – said people should be described in detail rather than explained (taking the focus off of the why)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o This is comparable to Buzzfeed quizzes or magazine quizzes- Isabel Briggs Myers – meant to tell you what career path you should take (butit doesn’t really, it only tells you traits)- Biological basis – for traits, over 50% are inheritedII. Trait Assessment- Personality inventorieso Created by factor analysis – taking a bunch of questions and grouping things that seem to go together- Abnormal and Normal Personality Tests – MMPI-2 and the Big Five Factor modelA. MMPI-2 – focuses on abnormal personality- Empirically derived, research driven- How did it come about?The need came from hospitals. Their goal is to get people in and out as quickly as possible so they can fill more beds and make more money. If someone comes in with the flu, they can run a test and diagnose within 10-30 seconds, prescribe the medication, and the patient is on their way. With psychological patients, however, it required the therapist to sit downand talk with them for at least an hour at the very minimum. The hospitals needed a way to get those patients in and out quickly, so they commissioned the researchers to make a test for faster diagnosis.- The 5000 questions were given to patients that were already diagnosed with their disorder, as well as normal people to create an “answer key” of sorts- There were 10 clinical scaleso Each number represented a class of symptoms (depressive, hypomanic, etc.)o The results came in a set of numbers, and the therapist knew by the number what to diagnose the patient.o A problem was that one of the classes of symptoms it tested for was meant to “diagnose” homosexuality. If you were a female and answered “no” in response to “Would you want to be a florist for a living?” it meant you were a lesbian, as far as the MMPI-2 was concerned.B. Five Factor model- OCEAN (not canoe)o Openness – tolerance for new thingso Conscientiousness – one’s overall organization and reliability skillso Extraversion – desire for social situationso Agreeableness – social skills, how much people like the persono Neuroticism – ability to handle stress (This one is backwards in the chart. The more neurotic characteristics are on the right instead of theleft side.)- Stability – doesn’t change much with age- Heritability – about 60% is inherited- Extra-cultural – it is only meant to describe, not explain, so cultural differences are not an issue- Highly predictive (highly conscientious people tend to be morning people)III. Social-Cognitive Perspective- Reciprocal Determinismo 3 Steps (it’s a cycle) Choice (of environment) Interpretation (of situation) Creation (of environment we want)We put ourselves in an environment. We interpret the events. Depending on how we interpret the events, a new environment will be created. If we interpret the events as good things happening/being said, the environment we create will be slightly more positive than when we entered.IV. Personal Control - Locus of Controlo Internal v. External Internal – we feel we are determining the outcome External – we feel the environment or someone else is determining the outcome- Learned helplessnessExample:In class, we talked about the dog in a cage with an electric floor. The floor can be electrified on only the right side, only the left side, or both sides at the same time. If the dog is standing on the right side of the cage and you shock the floor on the right, the dog will jump to the left side where it is not electrified. If you then electrify the left side, the dog will jump to the right, where the floor isnot electrified. If you electrify the right side without turning off the left (so now the entire floor is electrified) the dog will jump back and forth at first, but eventually it will give up and go whine in the corner. If you turn off the half thatthe dog is not on, he will stay where he is even though the floor is still electrified.He has learned he has no control over his environment, so he doesn’t try to fight it.- Optimism v. Pessimismo Optimism – seeing a situation as positive (glass is half-full) This is generally the healthier of the two, but too much optimism can be harmful.o Pessimism – seeing a situation as negative (glass is half-empty)- Self – how we view ourselveso Spotlight effect – we notice our little faults more than anyone elseExample:When we trip on the stairs, we immediately look around to see if anyone saw us. They really don’t care, even if they did.o Self-esteem – current view of ourselves and self-wortho Self-serving bias – we tend to take credit for/remember the positive events, while we throw blame for/forget the negative Depressed people are the opposite (remember negative, forget positive)Psychological DisordersI. What justifies a psychological disorder?- Deviance – something different about the person from most peopleo Reasons for determining “difference” cannot be related to: Culture Context Time- Causes distress to someoneo Selfo Otherso Society (dictators)- Dysfunction – interference with/impairment to daily life, work, or