BCHM 3050 1st Edition Lecture 27 Outline of Last Lecture I Blocking of Transcription or Translation by Antibiotics II Epigenetic Regulation Examples III Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes IV Locus Control Region LCR V RNA Processing Alternative RNA Splicing VI mRNA Degradation VII Operons VIII DNA Binding Proteins IX Glucose vs Lactose X PROG XI Activation of Lac Operon XII Role of Catabolite Activating Protein Outline of Current Lecture I Mutations a Substitution b Frameshif II Chromosome Level Mutations III Mechanisms for Point Mutations IV Transition and Transversion Mutation Current Lecture I Mutations a Humans replicate DNA once every 24 hours These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute II III IV i Top strand will make a proper DNA strand while the bottom strand will make a DNA strand with a mutation so half of the cell will have the mutation b Substitution i Point mutations 5 types 3 fall under the category of substitution ii Substitution is substituting one base of a completely different base iii If it leads to a change in one amino acid missense i e sickle cell anemia glutamic acid substituted for valine iv Mutation that doesn t lead to a change in the amino acid silent mutation v Mutation introduces a stop codon terminate the protein worst of the 3 types nonsense c Frameshif i When identifying a mutation ignore the codons that come before the start codon AUG because they are not translated into amino acids ii Insertion type of frameshif very bad changes more than one amino acid iii Deletion type of frameshif very bad changes more than one amino acid d Silence is the best then missense nonsense and frameshifs are very bad Chromosome Level Mutations a Inversions and translocations commonly occur in cancer b Ex down syndrome 21st chromosome has an extra c Ploidy generally happens at birth while point mutation occur due to the environment Mechanisms for Point Mutations a Base replacement point mutation analogues b Base alteration epigenetic add amino groups chemical modifications c Base Damage disrupt base pairing Transition and Transversion Mutation a Transition mutation 80 of mutation replace purine with purine and pyrimidine with pyrimidine b Ex A replaced with G c Transversion purine replaced with pyrimidine and pyrimidine replaced with purine d Ex A replaced with C
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