BCHM 3050 1st Edition Lecture 33 Outline of Last Lecture I. The Citric Acid CycleII. Summary of ReactionIII. Mitochondria UltrastructureIV. Overview of the Citric Acid CycleV. Enzymes of the Citric Acid CycleVI. Pyruvate DehydrogenaseVII. Citrate SynthaseVIII. Succinate DehydrogenaseOutline of Current Lecture I. Amphibolic Nature of the TCA CycleII. Summary of Glycolysis and TCA CycleIII. Oxidation and ReductionIV. Reduction PotentialV. Overview of Electron Transport ChainCurrent LectureI. Amphibolic Nature of the TCA Cyclea. For every molecule of glucose, the cycle will go through twice because there is 2 molecules of pyruvateb. Oxeloacetate – convert this amino acid into aspartate is an important stepc. Can re-trace steps via gluconeogenesis to be converted back to glucosed. Alpha-ketoglutrate à purine bisynthesise. Oxeloacetate +Acetyl-CoA = aspartic acidf. Molecules can go through other processes that do not directly participate in the break down of glucoseg. Can convert some pyruvate directly to oxeloacatate when necessary (catalyzed bypyruvate carboxylase, add one CO2 molecule to pyruvate)h. Malate dehydrogenase and Pyruvate carboxylate participate in anaplurotic reactions to replenish intermediates in the Kreb’s Cycle (such as oxeloacetate)i. Not favored reaction because require lots of energyII. Summary of Glycolysis and TCA Cyclea. Will go through Kreb’s Cycle twiceb. At the end of the Kreb’s Cycle, this is generated à 10 NADH, 2FADH2, 4 ATP, 6 CO2These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.c. No CO2 is released during glycolysisd. Substrate level phosphorylation in Kreb’s cycle is carried out by succinal-coA synthetase à make GTP and ATPIII. Oxidation and Reduction a. Oxidation – electrons releasedi. There has to be something to accept the electron in order for this to occur à oxidation and reduction always occur togetherb. Reduction – electrons gainedc. When Cu loses an electron (oxidized), it gains a positive charge; Fe is getting reduced because it is gaining an electrond. Example: Malate loses 2 electrons and gives them to NAD+ à the 2 electrons shows a covalent bondi. Malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate, NAD+ is reduced to NADHii. Generated an electron carried, NADHIV. Reduction Potentiala. Reduction potential – the potential of a compound to get reducedb. Higher the reduction potential = more likely to attract electrons and get reduced; good oxidizing agentc. Good oxidizing agents get reduced themselves and help other molecules to get oxidized (positive reduction potential)d. Idea of electron transport chain is that electrons are going from one chemical to another chemical à always go from low reduction potential to a high reduction potentiale. Oxygen is the last molecule to receive the electronsf. First release CO2 and oxygen comes out at the very endg. Oxygen has the highest reduction potentialh. NAD+ has a negative reduction potentiali. Fluorine has the highest reduction potentialV. Overview of Electron Transport Chaina. Electrons come from NADH (which was generated during glycolysis and krebs cycle) à electrons flow through all 4 complexes à oxygen accepts electrons at the end to form wateri. Transfer of electrons generates
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