BCHM 3050 1st Edition Lecture 29 Outline of Last Lecture I. Eugenic MovementII. Historical CaseIII. History of Skin ColorIV. The Yin and Tang of RadiationsV. Melanocytes Make MelaninVI. Sub-Saharan Africans adapted to have darker skinVII. Adaptation permitting light skin colorVIII. Golden Fish versus Black Pigmented Fish StudyOutline of Current Lecture I. MonosaccharidesII. Enantiomers and DiastereomersIII. Chemical Reactions of MonosaccharidesIV. Important MonosaccharidesV. DisaccharidesCurrent LectureI. Monosaccharidesa. Monomer of Carbohydrate is Monosaccharideb. Classify sugars based on aldoses or ketoses and # of carbon atomsi. Ex: Aldo-pentose, aldo-hexosec. Monomer of Carbohydrate is Monosaccharided. Classify sugars based on aldoses or ketoses and # of carbon atomsi. Ex: Aldo-pentose, aldo-hexoseII. Enantiomers and Diastereomersa. Enantiomers usually come in the D-form or an L-formb. Diastereomers and Enantiomers are two different types of stereoisomersc. Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not enantiomersi. Epimers – different at only one carbon atom (ex: glucose)1. Glucose and Manmose are epimers around carbon atom #22. Glucose and Galactose are epimers around carbon atom #4ii. Anomers – diastereomers that form because of cyclization1. Oxygen atom is shared between carbon atom #1 and #5 due to aldehyde and carbon atom #5 interaction2. Forms a basket-like structure called a hexamerThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3. Alpha and beta glucose are anomers4. if OH points down on carbon #1, it is an alpha-Glucose (Oxygen and OH point away from each other)5. if OH points up, beta-Glucose (oxygen and OH point towards each other)III. Chemical Reactions of Monosaccharidesa. Oxidation in the presence of metal ions or certain enzymesi. Aldehyde gets oxidized (gains oxygen) à turns into carboxylic acid ii. 3 types of oxidatation products of glucose:àaldonic acid – one aldehyde gets oxidizedà uronic acid – has 2 aldehydes and 1 gets oxidizedà aldaric acid – 2 aldehydes get oxidizediii. Vitamin C is a type of lactone àformed by cyclization of glucoseiv. Need glucose for energy and to make vitaminsb. Reduction – sugar alcools are produced by the reduction of aldehyde and ketone groups of monosaccharidesIV. Important Monosaccharidesa. Be able to identify the line structure above as an alpha-glucosei. If it was an alpha manmose – OH at carbon #2 would be pointing upii. If it was an alpha-galacose – OH at carbon #$ would be pointing upb. Fructose is often referred to as fruit sugar, because of its high content in fruitc. Galactose is necessary to synthesize a variety of important biomoleculesV. Disaccharidesa. Two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bondb. Alpha or beta only refers to the first carbonc. Reducing sugar – galactose has a free OH group when a part of lactosei. This means that the OH group at carbon #1 in galactose ring can form more glycosidic bonds and react with other moleculesii. Therefore, Lactose is a reducing sugard. Glucose + glucose = Maltosee. Cellobiose – beta 1, 4 of 2 beta-glucosesf. Sucrose - Non-reducing sugar because the OH groups on carbon #1 are involved in
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