PSYCH 370 1st Edition Lecture 11- Behaviorism – overviewo Individual differences – reinforcement historieso Adjustments – desirable/undesirable reinforcement histories o Cognition – irrelevant to behaviorism o Society/culture – controls reinforcement o Biology – controls reinforcement effectiveness an range of responses o Development – children develop reinforcement histories - More of an alternative to personality theory o The notion of personality is a superfluous concept o External versus internal locus of control o Only empirically verifiable data can be considered - Skinnerian principals of conditioning o Operant emphasizes that people operate on their environment to achieve some consequence o Mutual influence between actor and environment  Response contingency - R --> S the response is associated with its consequences Reinforcer - Any stimulus that increases the probability tbat preceding resoncewill be repeated Punishment - And aversive stimulus that decreases the probability that the preceding response will be repeated o Problems with punishment  Not always effective May backfire  Produces emotional side effects  Models aggressive behavior Teaches aggression as social control Parent may become conditioned aversive stimulus  Drives behavior underground Can become abusive Doesn’t teach appropriate alternative behavior o Positive reinforcement – giving a present or reward to reinforce behavior o Negative reinforcement – something unpleasant gets taken away o Positive punishment These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Negative punishment - Schedules of Reinforcement o Continuous o Partial Fixed ratio – immediately re checking something  Variable ratio – produces slow steady kind of response  Fixed interval – respond a certain amount of times before you get the reinforcement Variable interval – very rapid responding, don’t know how many times you have to do it before you get the reinforcement Ex. putting money in a slot machine - Discriminative stimulus (Sd)o Sd  R  So Sd are environmental stimuli that precede the response and cue you as to whether the response will be reinforcedSd will tell you when a given response contingency I in effect (when a given response will or will not produce reinforcement) May even tell you whether a given response will be reinforced or punishedOne source of behavioral complexity - Further explaining complexity of behavior from simple principalso Behavioral repertoires Learned responses build on previous learning - Criticism o Do principals that work with rats work with humanso Failure to account for other obviously important personality determinantso Extreme reductionism o Completely deterministico Focus is completely on environment What is the