Psych 370 1st EditionExam # 2 Study GuideEXAM TWO: STUDY GUIDE Adler “felt minus” – describes the universally experienced inferiority feelings of incompleteness, that is of being in the positionof les than what life requires or allows Adler “organ inferiority” – when someone is born with certain physical defects they develop feelings of inferiority and start taking actions to compensate for their weaknesses Adler “great upward drive” – the drive to strive for superiority over others, overcoming inferiority and becoming superiorAdler “fictional finalism” – the belief that humans are more strongly motivated by the goals and ideals that they create for themselves and more influences by future possibilities, than by past events such as childhood experiences Adler “inferiority complex” – exaggerated and pathological feelings of weakness, including belief that one cannot overcome one’s difficulties through appropriate effort, when an inability to overcome inferiority feelings heightens and intensifies them Adler “superiority complex” – a false feeling of power and security that invariably conceals an underlying inferiority complex, from attempt to evade one’s problems rather than face them Adler “perfection striving” – the basic dynamic force between all human activity, striving from a feeling of inferiority to one of superiority, process always occurs within a social context Adler “social interest/sense of community” – humans posses and innate social instinct that causes us to live in cooperative harmony with one anotherAdler “styles of life” – a set of behaviors designed to compensate for feelings of inferiority to overcome the inferiority, establish a sense of superiority, your becoming the best you can be, so firmly engrained it is almost totally resistant to change thereafter Anima Projections – the personification of all feminine psychological tendencies within a man, men do not recognize that these qualities are symbolically feminine as part of his own personality so he projects them onto women, infatuation and compulsive possessiveness over women is a sign of these projections Animus Projections – women do not recognize qualities that are symbolically masculine and projects them onto men instead of realizing they are part of their own personality, infatuation and possessiveness are signs of this projection Erikson’s Stages of Development 1. Trust Versus Mistrust – in this stage infant is uncertain about the world in which they live, to resolve these feelings of uncertainty they look toward their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care, if consistent and reliable they develop sense of trust which will carry with them to other relationships, if not stable they develop mistrust, can result in anxiety and heightened insecurities 2. Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt – Between the ages of 18 months and three, children begin to assert their independence, The child is discovering that he or she has many skills and abilities, such as putting on clothes and shoes, playing with toys etc. Such skills illustrate the child's growing sense of independence and autonomy. Erikson states it is critical that parents allow their children to explore the limits of their abilities within an encouraging environment, which is tolerant of failure, encourage child and they become confident, over criticize and control they become overly dependent3. Initiative Versus Guilt – around age three and continuing to age five, children assert themselves more frequently, children begin to plan activities, make up games, and initiate activities with others. If given this opportunity, children develop a sense of initiative, and feel secure in their ability to lead others and make decisions, conversely, if this tendency is squelched, either through criticism or control, children develop a sense of guilt. They may feel like a nuisance to others and will therefore remain followers, lacking in self-initiative.4. Industry Versus Inferiority – children are at the stage (aged 5 to 12 years), if children are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative, they begin to feel industrious and feel confident in their ability to achieve goals. If this initiative is not encouraged,if it is restricted by parents or teacher, then the child begins to feel inferior, doubting his own abilities and therefore may not reach his or her potential5. Identity Versus Role Confusion – during adolescence (age 12 to 18 years), during this period, they explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity based upon the outcome of their explorations. Failure to establish a sense of identity within society ("I don’t know what I want to be when I grow up") can lead to role confusion. Role confusion involves the individual not being sure about themselves or their place in society6. Intimacy Versus Isolation – Occurring in young adulthood (ages 18 to 40 years), we begin to share ourselves more intimately with others. We explore relationships leading toward longer-term commitments with someone other than a family member; successful completion of this stage can lead to comfortable relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a relationship, avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment and relationships can lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of love.7. Generativity versus Stagnation – during middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65 years), we establish our careers, settle down within a relationship, begin our own families and develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture, we give back to society through raising our children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations, by failing to achieve these objectives, we become stagnant and feel unproductive. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of care8. Ego Integrity Versus Despair – as we grow older (65+ years) and become senior citizens, we tend to slow down our productivity, and explore life as a retired person. It is during this time that we contemplate our accomplishments and are able to develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful life, Erik Erikson believed if we see our lives as unproductive, feel guilt about our past, or feel that we did not accomplish our life goals, we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, oftenleading to