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UMass Amherst PSYCH 370 - Exam 3 Study Guide
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PSYCH 370 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 10 - 15 Vicarious Reinforcement/ Modeling – a reinforcement that is received indirectly by observing another person who is being reinforced, learning through someone else’s learning, you watch someone learn something then copy that behavior Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism – the view that personal factors in the form of cognition, affect, and biological events, behavior, and environmental influences create interactions that result in a triadic reciprocality and plays a critical role in a persons capability to construct reality,self-regulate, encode information, and perform behaviors Bandura’s Self-efficacy – peoples judgments of their capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performances, provide the foundation for human motivation, well being, and personal accomplishment Banduras Self-system – the set of cognitive structures that involve perception, evaluation, and regulation of behavior, allows us to evaluate our own behavior in terms of previous experience and anticipated future consequences Behavioral scripts – are a sequence of expected behaviors for a given situationCognitive complexity (low vs. high) – describes cognition along a simplicity-complexity axis a person who is measured high on cognitive complexity tends to perceive nuances and subtle differences which a person with a lower measure, indicating less complex cognitive structure forthe task or activity, does not Consequences of watching violent media/violent video games – violent games/media teach kids to associate violence with pleasure, constantly practicing violent behavior and this can become an automatic response, less empathy, pleasure in pain of others, well practiced criminalbehavior, decreased capacity for mature decision makingDollard and Millers approach-avoidance conflicts –Approach – Approach – two approaches mutually exclusive both are desirable, no particular negative consequence to decision Avoidance – avoidance – both options are undesirable, consequences to both, can produce escape behavior, procrastinationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Approach – avoidance – one good option one bad, motivation towards good option grow over time, avoidance motivations grow as you get closer to task and increase in strength rapidly, good desire usually overwhelms themDouble approach – double Avoidance – two possibilities both of them have approach element and both have avoidance elements Dollard and Millers Response Hierarchy – all the responses that could occur again in a given situation, dominant response, learning consists of changing position of responses in the hierarchy, link to Freudian regression Dollard and Millers use of operant conditioning principals (radical behaviorism) to account forcertain Freudian principals – in order to learn something we must want something, notice something, do something, and get something (drive, cue, response, reward)Explanatory Style – the way in which we explain the events that happen to us in our lives, eithergood or badField Dependence – people who rely on field dependence tend to rely on information provided by the outer world, the field or frame of a situation and their cognition (toward other things) is based on this overall field Field Independence – a learning style defined by a tendency to separate details from the surrounding text, having an internal locus of orientation George Kelly’s personal construct theory – personality is composed of the mental constructs through which each person views realityGeorge Kelly’s Role-Construct Repertory Test – goal is to understand how an individual views his or her world, especially those people known to the person with whom he or she plays different rolesLearned helplessness – a condition in which a person suffers from a sense of powerlessness arising from a traumatic experience or a persistent failure to succeedLimits of radical behaviorism – failure to account got other obviously important personality determinants, extreme reductionism, completely deterministic, focus is completely on the environment, what is the person Locus of control – refers to the extent to which individuals believe they can control events affecting themRole of biology in Skinner’s theory – controls reinforcement effectiveness and range of responses Role of language in Dollard and Millers theory – allows discrimination, facilitates learning and problem solving, comparison with Freud’s ego Schemas and Scripts – theoretical mental structures, organized knowledge about elements of the environment, facilitates perception, understanding, prediction, tells us what to expect, not expect fills in missing details Skinners operant conditioning principals – operant emphasizes that people operate on their environment to achieve come consequence, response contingency, reinforcer, punishment Reinforcement – the process of encouraging o establishing a belief or pattern of behavior, especially by encouragement or reward Punishment – an aversive stimulus that decreases the probability that the preceding response will be repeated Response contingencies – the response if associated with its consequences Discriminative stimuli – a type of controlling stimulus, its presence increases the probability that a behavior will occur by its previous reliable signaling of the availability of reinforcement Extinction – although other behaviors many extinguish completely, fear and anxiety may not, link to neurotic anxiety Watson and Rayners research on fear conditioning – behavioral paradigm in which organisms learn to predict aversive


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UMass Amherst PSYCH 370 - Exam 3 Study Guide

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