HST 096 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture N/AOutline of Current Lecture Indian Territory:- Oklahoma Land RushThe Wider West:- Lewis and Clark- Indians EcosystemThe far West:- California Gold Rush- “Act for the Government and Protection of Indians”- Modoc WarThe Southern Plains:The Great Raid of 1840, the American Civil War, Grant’s Peace Policy (1869-), Sand Creek Massacre, reservation/reserve, Medicine Lodge Treaties (1867), White Eagle, destruction of the American Bison, Red River War (Adobe Walls, Palo Duro Canyon)Developing Patterns: the Policy of concentrationCurrent LectureBy the End of the 1830’s, the National Government of the United States had all but erased Indian Power from the Atlantic Coast to the Mississippi River.- 5 Civilized Tribes had been relocated here- relocated Indians began to grow cotton, it was shipped down the Mississippi- 1-Internal tensions amongst the Cherokee (Planter Elites, those below)o Civil War almost began (Federal troops stopped it) o Assassinations plagued the civilized tribes- 2- Land was not a vacuum, filled with Kansa, OsageThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- 3-White Intrusion Into Indian territory along trails like the Oregon, Santa Fe, California, Mormon Treko Wagon trains provided trade and jobs to Indians they encounteredo Incident occurred following first major Land rush that occurred in 1889o This was onto Oklahoma land meant for tribeso Happened on April 22, 1889 rush Oklahomao Some tribes wished for privatization of their land because it would allow for prosperity- Great Mass of the West was wild and free.- As of 1830 Sioux (Dakota’s, Minnesota), Cheyenne, Arapaho, Comanche did Bison hunting- Mixing hunting of Bison and agriculture were the Blackfeet- South West (Arizona and New Mexico)o Puebloo Apachee (Nomadic and warriors)o Navajo- Far westo Modoco Shastao Lived on small game, fish, rootsLewis and Clark- Sent out by United States to probe newly acquired territory. Americans take West before MidwestCalifornia is this first place, Spain is on the CoastIndians are considered a lower working class, but still free, no repression or exterminationDiscover of gold in 1849 caused over 100,000 individuals to go to California (territory given to America that year)Male Prospectors from East and Oregon country abused, lynched, raped, murdered Indians in the area(many Christianized by Spanish)Act 4 (Act for the Governence and protection of Indians 1850) allowed for keeping of Indians, basically California law allowed for Slavery until 1864 when slavery was abolished by LincolnBy 1852 male to female ratio was 7:1Many Indian were apprenticed, many as sex slaves, rapid decline in Indian population- 150,000 just prior to 1849 Indian Population, by Opening year of Civil War their was 80%declineModoc is a small tribe of 700 (occupied California Oregon Border squeezed between Farmers in North and Prospectors in South) Modoc’s began to retaliate in the 1860.- Under Captain Jack (Kintpuash) given own land- They left wanted their own land- Fought later in Lava Bed- Modoc warriors with only 64 warriors held of Americans for months- Escaped but defectors brought the Fed troops to Modoc warriors, hanged, none warriorsexiled to Indian LandTexas- Indian relations in Southern Plain were as bloody and volatile as anytime in America- Texas rangers specifically to fight Indians, also vigilantes, also white scalp hunters for bounties- Indians had some military power, biggest would be the Great Raido 400 Commanche warriors avenged 30 chiefs and their families killed in a supposed piece parleo 400 rode across Texas sacked Linville on Coast, slaughtered cattle, took o Texans State leaders demand and get Federal Troops to create forts on the post routeso Indians raid white civilization and seize everything, including peopleo Through the Civil War, not Enough Federal Troops could be supplied Civil War- Brought the Militarization of the West with volunteer militia as well as full time troops who had been used in Civil War- Militarization of America that created a seasoned and advanced army- Great military jumps- America tries peace first thougho Grant- leader- wanted to separate Whites and Indians, and treat Indians properlyo This was a response to large amount of Carnage that was occurringo Originally Peaceful, Prospecting brought the anger and violence of the Cheyenne o They (Prospecters) had abused the Lands and those on Ito To fight this Many Cheyenne told to leave Govenor Evans and that that land would be their lando This was a lie, Colonel John Chivington sent massacre them At Sand Creek in 1864o Grant Meant to Soften relations by changing those dealing with Indians (Including Eli Parker who was an Indian)- Reservation Defined( A reserved Parcel of land kept apart for Indians during a treaty making process in which the Indians are giving a far more land. On this land the Natives maintain a certain amount of sovereignty from surrounding areas.- Largest reservations are in the West- Treaties of Medicine Lodge Indians promised in exchange for peaceThere are 2 Problems with Grants idea- Many Indians did not want to stay on this land as they wished to Hunt Bison, raid whitesand other Indians- Also spiritual inspiration to rebel under White Eagleo Indians would be bullet Proofo Gathered a small group togethero His prophecies were wrong, renamed to Isata- Problem 2 was that the Bison were dyingo Originally there were as many as 60 million bison in the Midwesto Hides could be used to run the Industrial east (no rubber present)o Buffalo Runners (American hunters of the Buffalo)o Trains could bring back massive number of buffalo hideso General Sherman knew that the extermination of the Buffalo would hasten the push of the Indians to Reservationso By the end in the 1890 (started in 1871) their were less than 1000 buffaloo Plains tribes source of Life had been