HST 096 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture This lecture is based around how the Revolution affected the Tribes of AMerica in the North and South East, as well as out West where no white Indian contact had yet been madeOutline of Current Lecture US Indian Policy to the 1820’s- Northwest Ordinance(1787)- US Constitution (1789)- “the great land animal”, “civilization” factory system, missionaries, schools- Handsome Lake/ the longhouse religion- Slavery, e.g. Joseph Vann/Major RidgeIndians and the war of 1812:Lalawethika/Tenskwatawa/the Prophet, Tecumseh, Battle of the Thames (1813), Treaty of Ghent(1814)Removal:- Andrew Jackson, Indian Removal Act, Worcester v. Georgia, Treaty of New Echota, Trail of Tears, Black Hawk War, Second Seminole WarCurrent Lecture- The fundamental goal of the American Indian Policy was to transfer the lands from the Indians (avoid war while getting land)- Founding Fathers believed the Indians were lesser, but could be civilized- Policy also difficult because of settler claims and state claims- Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was created by foreseeing the settlement of lands around Great Lakes( No land could be settled without allowance by Indians) Could not be taken unless by justified war basicallyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- 1794, battle of fallen timbers where Pan Indian alliance beaten by Anglo Militia- Classic American patter, settlers go first, Indians resist illegal settling, settlers call for help, get military assistance, that military assistance wins and allows land succession- Change of Constitution structure- Created department of war and Indian affairs within this department- Northwest Ordinance was supposed to recognize tribes, only formal treaties could change tribal boundaries through negotiations- Land could not be taken unless treaties or just wars- Factory Systems- Trading posts/factories set up- America had learned that this was a way to make some peace- Funded by congress, Indian agents gave gives and annuities to tribes in exchange for cession of lands- At height, their were 28 such posts on the frontier( metal ware mostly for fur trade)- Abolished when private fur company pushed for it (John Jacob Astor)- There was a bad aspect as debt was allowed, but when it could not be repaid, land would be taken insteadHow to get Land from Indians- Under Jefferson Civilization act to make Indians farmer- Wants to make them agriculture, they need less land- Wants to get land by getting the Indians into debt- Congress paid white tradesmen and livestock to teach Indians, used missionaries to direct schooling(reading and so on)- Quakers and Moravians led the way, many other protestants also led the way- By 1824 there were approx. 20 schools for 1000 childrenHandsome Lake Preaching- The Long House religion came about- It was a blend of quaker-pacifism and Iroquois practices- Men should farm, not women- Held in place because they believed in dreams having powerSlavery also (1790-1860)- Slave grown cotton spreads across American South- Two southern tribes (Cherokee and Creek) adopted black slave holding as a means of economic agricultural advancement- James Vann was Cherokee chief who was somewhat wealthy with over 100 slaves. He was Meti with a Scottish fur trade father and a Cherokee motherIndians in East began to assimilate and became part of US societyThis Changed though, Indians pushed WestII. War of 1812 (second Revolution)This war preceded 1812, Indian participation in the war occurred on its own time tablePan Indian Alliance put together by Shawnee warrior TecumsehThe outcome of the war of 1812-- In the north it is disastrous for the Indians, American invade north, the Indians fight withBritish, and Americans beaten back- Americans however begin to win and the British are pushed back- At the battle of Thames, Tecumseh backed by British at first, but after two volley’s Britishleave. Tecumseh killed, his movement destroyed, British and Indians never attack American west again, not able toSouthern allies of Tecumseh- Only a faction of what it could have been, Red Stick Creeks (ravaged white settlements)- Andrew Jackson mustered an army of militias and allied Indians, crushed the Indians at the battle of Horse shoe bend, Civil war as well as white Indian war- All Creeks then forced to sign away millions of acres- War ended with the Treaty of Ghent in 1814- Brought about the end of Indian ability to really fight East of the MississippiIIIRemoval- Brutal and shameful act to ethnically cleanse American Easto Emerged from Humanitarian Aidso Officials saw removal as only way to prevent Indian extermination (Move beyond Mississippi)o Constitutional aim, Jackson and others thought that Indians could not be in states, just federal unorganized territoryo Tennessee Jackson went into office from movement in West, and he and his supporters wanted to punish the Indians for joining the British by putting them beyond the Mississippi.o 60,000 Indians moved West in the Trail of Tears (about 1/5 died) oo Forced removal though happened over several decades starting in 1817o Hardly all Americans supported removalo Indian removal act that allowed Jackson to negotiate removal provoked huge problems in historyo Senate passed the act 28-19o House was 101-97IIIINot all Indians went easily, Sauk and Fox would not go without a fight, pushing against agricultural and mining whitesFederal troops pushed them across Mississippi (Blackhawks tribe), they came back, federal troops hunt them down, kill 300 and take Chief prisonerSeminole War-- Lengthiest Seminole war, bloodiest- In 1832 Seminoles were told to leave Florida, told that they would be paid- In 1835-1842- Osceola was the splinter leader, he was the leader till captured. - US pulled back at end bloody and beaten- Comparable to Vietnam - For every 2 relocated, 1 soldier was