HST 96 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 12Lecture 1 Bering strait Theory vs Indian Creation storiesNavaho BST--More light-Navaho was a spiritual journey-Mystical and magical-Harmony between animals and man (consider)-How the world and all that inhabitants came to be-Structure between genders-Training about how to act-Two people-orally taught-Cultural creation--Going South-An attempt to scientifically explain through archaeology (observable evidence like clovis points) (Clovis points first showed that people were associated with them because they were in animal bones along the routes used by the humans)-Man simply following game -Geographic migration -Tribes of people migrating-What we call factual created by others-Scientific exploration-physical creationNavaho creationKept climbing up through levels of to 5th levelWolf was chief of fauna, mountain lion was the chief of the humansEach level decreases the darkness, reliance on natural world to move onIndians were perhaps aware of evolutionNorthwest CoastRich in Marine life (Salmon) utilized them for foodBuilding materials for housing, boats, etc.They were sedentary.SouthwestPuebloHousing were stone, wood, adobe(insulator)SedentaryFarmers, pottersCorn very importantAlso beans, squash huntingUtilized irrigationPlains-Buffalo for food, clothing, shelter (hunting done on foot)-Migratory, mobile homes( wooden poles wrapped by buffalo, tipi) dogs pulled and carried these.Northeast (eastern woodland)Cultivated corn, beans and squashDeveloped ceramicsHunted deer, fishBerry collection, wild riceBent saplings over to make housing (long house)SubarcticCanadian Shield (best canoe country on earth, no farming, not enough fish or game) minimal human densityWent north to hunt moose in winterArctic is above tree lineSome Indians are above tree line, mostly Inuit (came 4000 years ago)-Inuit became masters of survival in coldest area on earth-Winter they lived on the coast in igloos using seal oil-Ate seal, walrus, whales-Summer they went inland to fish and hunt caribou Lecture 2 ( Jan 20th ) European Beachheads/Indian ResponseJames Merrell, “The Indians’ New World”/Catawbas-- (Catawbas is a mixture nation of many former nations, a refugee nation- Disease(struck once a generation with small pox) many would die especially old killing traditions- Trade-around 1650 brought new goods(muskets, kettles, woven cloth, hoes, and liquors) ancientcrafts and skills were forgotten and Indians went about gathering tradable objects namely skins and Indian slaves, reaching a war.- White settlers/ colonization (made poor slaves, drank too much) would hunt horses and cows to survive. Catawba’s could not fight back so they petitioned for a small piece of land . slowly adaptation by the Catawbas made them acceptable by colonists, but largely reduced.Mercantilism- A movement highly responsible for the intense colonization that occurred around the world. Because it called for bullion it was why the Spanish would force natives to mine gold in horrible conditions. Colonies also very important as sources of materials and as a market for home country. Finitewealth so any taken by one country prevented others from having it. Spanish: First contact in 1492 in Hispanola, move to mainlands and conquer Aztecs in 1 generation. Move south to Peru and defeat Incas in 1543 and finding plenty of Gold and Silver. Went North into Northern Frontier and De Soto and then Coronado leads a group into the southwest. Neither man could locate treasure. Santa Fe- One of the main Foot hold settlements Spain had in the Northern region of their conquered territory, the other being St. Augustine (they had many smaller less strategic settlements)Encomienda- where male Indians had to work 9 months a year to pay for protection and Catholicism.Repartimiento- The system used following the encomienda system. It was a forced labor system that required labor from natives for a certain amount of time yearly. It was considered different in that the worker was free except with respect to labor Acoma Pueblo/1598- A small uprising occurred here at the marked date. 13 Spanish soldiers were killed.800 Pueblo Indians were then killed and many more were imprisoned. All the imprisoned men had their right foot cut off. Pueblo Revolt/ 1680- A partial offshoot of the 1598 uprising, amongst other events, the Revolt was led by a Pueblo Indian who was named Popé. After several years of careful planning many Pueblo tribes systematically destroyed all Spanish settlements in New Mexico and pushed any remaining Spanish out of the area. All of this would be undone however by around 1696French: ChamplainQuebec/ 1608Battle of Lake Champlain fur tradeEnglish: Powhatan confederacy- Algonquin confederacy led by Chief Powhatan. First interacted with the English in Virginia, Current day Jamestown. Jamestown (1607)- First successful English settlement in New WorldBacon’s Rebellion-Armed rebellion in 1676 under Nathaniel Bacon to push Indians from Virginia to increase settlement sizePlymouth- Landing site of the Mayflower and Anglican dissidents (Pilgrims) from the Church of England. Also where the Plymouth Plantation would be foundedMassachusetts Bay- The location of the Plymouth ColonyPequot War- A conflict between the Pequot and the English and their allied tribes that occurred between1634 and 1638. The Pequot’s lost with many being sold into slavery.King Philips War- Perhaps the largest conflict to occur between settlers and Indians compared to population that would greatly reduce the Indian population of the Region. It was between the Wampanoag and English, and it was led by King Philip/ Metacom who was a chief of the Wampanoag people Lecture 3 (Jan 22)An analysis of two readings from the class textbookJuan- Just human nature, trying to save his ass- We see the importance of Christianity because Juan offers Christian explanation for why the Pueblo revolt happened (Pope was the devil)- Trading honesty for prevention of torture?- The document tells us more about the Spanish and their thought process?- May also have been Juan manipulating the system to survive?- Pope being targeted, but it may have really been governors working together and the words of Juan manipulation to scapegoat an already “shady”figure to the Catholics.- Source itself flawed as it is only one source- All too convenient, - This source is problematic despite being rich and insightful.Brébeuf-- He believed they were admirable,