PSYCH 304 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 9-13Lecture 9 (February 10)I. Approaches to IntelligenceGive examples of intelligent behaviour.Goal oriented Intentional & conscious decisions Adaptive Creates shortcuts Describe the three approaches to intelligence.The first approach to intelligence is the behaviourist approach. Behaviourists believe that learning is based on a complex pattern of rewards and punishments; therefore, everything is learned. The second approach to intelligence is the cognitive approach. Cognitive psychologists believe that learning takes place through the development of the brain. In layman’s terms, all normal children should be able to comprehend the same concepts at the same stage of life. The third approach to intelligence is the psychometric approach. The psychometric approach focuses on measuring intelligence. It’s questioned a lot (how do you measure intelligence?) in the ways it tests individuals (validity, reliability, and standardization). It is only a current measure – not a predictive measure. List Piaget’s stages. Briefly describe the one needed for this test?Sensorimotor*Pre-operational (We also need to know the steps for this one, which is stated later on in this study guide.)Concrete Operational Formal OperationalThe Sensorimotor Stage focuses on the intellectual achievement based on the development of skills through the five senses and motor coordination. Lecture 10 (February 12) II. Language DevelopmentWhat is the first stage of language? Describe is.The first stage of development is called the Pre-linguistic Stage. It consists on crying, cooing, and babbling. The entire stage lasts from zero to ten months.What is telegraphic speech? Give an example.Telegraphic speech is a form of communication where the child’s phrases will have missing grammatical aspects, yet the message is still able to come across.Example: “No drink,” means, “I am not thirsty.”Give examples of the three types of language errors often made by young children.Under-extension Example – A child believes a sedan’s name is car – not that it is a car.Overextension Example – A child believes every older gentleman is named, “Grandpa.”Overregulated Example – “I goed to the store,” instead of, “I went to the store.”Lecture 11 (February 19)List the nine parts that make up the temperament of a child.Activity Level Rhythmicity Approach or WithdrawlAdaptibility Quality of Mood Stimulus Threshold Intensity of Reaction Distractibility PersistenceDescribe the experiment depicted in class that helps determine the attachment level of an infant.1. Mom is in a room interacting with child.2. Mom leaves.3. A stranger enters and tries to interact with the child.4. Stranger leaves.5. Mom comes back.a. How does the child react?What kind of attachment does a child have if he is afraid and confused while mother is gone, happy when she returns, but avoids her after?Disorganised attachment.Lecture 12 (February 26)Does day-care interfere with the Parent-Child attachment? Why or Why not?No. In fact, children become more social, and they learn to share. Day-care is also beneficial because children get sick a lot, so by the time they are actually in school, their immunity has built up some resistance.Which concept depicts a Virtue of Hope?Trust vs. MistrustWhat are the three achievements of toddlerhood?Developing a Sense of SelfDeveloping AutonomyDeveloping Self-RegulationLecture 13 (March 3)What are three contributions to nightmares for children?ExcitementStaying up late Eating a Heavy MealWhat are the six achievements in Piaget’s Pre-operational Stage?SymbolicIdentitiesBasic Cause and EffectSorting to Two LevelsNumbers in set orderTheory of Mind “Intelligence is not a standard quantity that everyone has,” is a belief of what Psychologist ? (Hint: This psychologist challenged