PSYCH01/27/2015-01/29/2015Forming a Life- Chapter 3Conception or fertilization sperm/egg = zygoteWays to make a babyOld fashion way- sexual intercourseArtificial Insemination: women acquires “frozen sperm” and physically insertedTest Tube: extract egg and sperm put in petri dish and then artificially inseminatedSurrogacy- third party has a child often with male’s semen of a couple. The couple adoptsCloning/three person baby/ all male babyEgg and Sperm IssuesEgg and sperm are half chromosomes from mom half form dad doesn’t mean half his traits. Traits are determined by dominant/recessive quality of genesSex of child: sperm determines sex since egg always produces X and sperm can be X or YXX= girl; XY= boy. Y actually missing some dataLeads to more boy conceptions (lighter) and sex-linked recessive traits in males (baldness)Twins: identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic) 19/1000 now up to 25/1000 fertility treatments01/29/2015PSYCH01/27/2015-01/29/2015Genetic Terms:Polygenetic inheritance- most traits many genesMultifactorial transmission- expression often due to interaction of genes and environment (psychosis)Heritability- statistic about how strong the genetic factor is in the expression of the trait. 48% identical twins reared apart end up also developing traitReaction Range- there is an ultimate limit to the expression: No humans are 12’ tall, none 2’ Some people are 2’ taller than their parentsSex Chromosome AbnormalitiesOccasionally people are born (many more are conceived, but most miscarried) with SCAXXX: triple X female, normal app, LD to MRXYY: male, tall, low IQ, to MR, poor verbalXXY: Kleinfelter male sterile, LD, poor testes developXXO – sex chromosome has not separated, sperm carrying no DNAX0: fragile X: -- sperm has arrived with no DNAStages of Parental DevelopmentGerminal Stage: 1st two weeks. Zygote travels down to uterus becoming more complex attachesto wall. Placenta development- exchange OXY, nutrition, Waste Umbilical cord (life line between baby and mother) goes to placenta Amniotic sac- fluid filled “balloon” that protects and provides room. Sometimes crossed for genetic tests = amniocentesis or dangerous abortions—if sac breaks, could miscarry Somewhat free pass on maternal effectsEmbryonic Stage of 1 st TrimesterPSYCH01/27/2015-01/29/20152-12 weeks—all vital systems in development, circulatory, organs, neuro (brain, nerves), cardio, muscular development—everything important is being builtSevere birth defect leads to miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) 1/3 conceptions lead to miscarriage; ¾ of miscarriage in the 1st trimester50-70% have chromosomal abnormality (e.g. XXY)Higher risk for miscarriage: 1) drink 2) smoke 3) coffee 4) male conception Anything mom puts in her body, baby gets some of itFirst 2 weeks does not have much effect on the babyTeratogens: birth defect producing agentsFemale Teratogens:Famous mistakes: Thalidomide (Anti-morning sickness Rx) DES (anti-miscarriage Rx) Cancer (rare form) and SterilityAlcohol- FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) = LD (learning disability) ADHD facial D, motor skillsCrack babies= ADHD, Rage, LD, emotional DNicotine: low birth weight, neurologicalHIV= mothers must not breast feed (1/4 will remit)SSRI= child heart defectAspartame = in diet drinks, seizures-neurological issues Age: older mother more risk of Down Syndrome