PSYCH 01/20/2015-01/22/2015Chapter 2: Paradigms in Development PsychPsychoanalysis Freud/ Psychodynamic EriksonFreud= psychosexual developmentErikson = psychosocialFreud= sex drive and aggressive drive problematic if activated earlier. Development disturbed if sex drive is activated before it’s timeFreud looked mostly at the malfunctions of development Freud: Lack of certain experiences as a child will lead to issues in the areas laterOral deprivation (not breast feeding  smoking, depression, bulimia, finger sucking, etc)Emotional experiences will take on a physical qualityFreud believes culture causes the sicknessesOpinion not favoredErikson= personality a combination of bodily changes + social responses = psychological virtueConflict provides the opportunity for excellenceErikson originally Freudian followerWho you become is interplay between body’s emerging skills and how parents and society reacts to your skill setViewed a solid theory even todayBehaviorismSkinner/Pavlov/Watson/ThorndikeAll behavior is learnedBelieves that humans have no built-in traitsBehavior is all nurture We are a blank slate and who we are is completely due to rewards and punishments that we have received by othersWe are not our own people, rather others make usPsychology of behavior could allow us to engineer people so that we could bring out the best in themToken economy, Systematic Desensitization and aversion therapy and flooding useful techniquesPSYCH 01/20/2015-01/22/2015Pavlov: Everything stimulus and responseClassical conditioning does not account for everything. Does not work for humans especiallySkinner: realized classical conditioning was flawedHumans are not meant to run on reflexes- we actually lose them as we growOperative conditioningCalls humans complex organisms rather than people- believed that anything he could get a rat to do, he could get a person to doSkinner Box shapingIf you know you’re being manipulated, you can resist (humans)If humans get a sense that they are getting manipulated, they will resist Watson: “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.” (1930)Little Albert Experiment- conditioning emotionsBehaviorist philosophy straddles the line between good ethics01/22/2015Humanistic PsychologiesHumanistic, Existential, constructivists, Transpersonal Maslow (humanistic and transpersonal)/C. Rogers/R. May (Existential)/Levinson/PeckThird force of psychologyInterested in behavior, not what you are thinkingHow can we change what you do?Mind-body-spirit united and reciprocal (holistic psychology)People strive for personal growth (to live full, rewarding lives) disorder are only stunted growthLook for optimal conditions for individual development: meaning, choices, responsibility, communityPSYCH 01/20/2015-01/22/2015Context of their lives heavily influence people as do choices and willingness to take responsibilityUrie Bronfenbrenner similar with Contextual Psych--suggests that all development happens in a series of contexts- influences from the outside In trying to move toward objectivity, we have moved away from values“People strive to live a meaningful life”- Viktor FranklWhen you found something you truly enjoyed, how often were you told to throw it away?Cognitive PsychologyInterested in how people develop their thinking in timePiaget-found development timelines for kids when can do tasks. US education system based after his findings. Everyone should do this at about the same age. LD/Gifted4 stagesInformation processing develops out of computer developmentEmphasizes how we manipulate information, monitor it and strategies with it: attention, memory,decision making, goal setting—reverse engineer of mindVygotsky’s Socio-cultural approach explains cognitive development in relation to context of social and cultural factors. Particularly how educational systems can help individual children forwardCorrects Piaget—puts out a new way of educating peopleEthological PsychologyBiological and evolutionary bases of behaviorNature and nurture perspective (biological); Nature perspective (evolutionary)Look for adaptive behaviors of species and innate qualities of humans and why they developLorenz/Bowlby-imprinting: duck sees first thing as its momCritical periods- time when learning easy- learning a 2nd languageAfter 12 years of not being exposed to language, a person will never be able to speak fluently in any languageHighly speculative—baby grabs finger if you touch palmInstincts in humans seem to be very minimal and human has a tendency to lose reflexes as they age. In other words, humans are built for voluntary actions.PSYCH