HES 2823 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I Energy Balance A Calories B EnergyIN EnergyOUT Outline of Current Lecture I Means of Energy Expenditure continued II Obesity an Introduction Current Lecture I II Means of Energy Expenditure continued A Basal Metabolic Rate BMR B Thermic Effect of Food heat energy expended after eating 1 Completed through digestion absorption transport and deamination 2 Comprises the expenditure of 10 of calorie intake C Non exercise Activity 1 Part of physical activity 2 Activities of daily living 3 Examples pacing fidgeting 4 Important to prevent weight gain with overeating 5 Mayo Clinic Study a 1000 additional calories in diet of participants b All gained weight but not the same amounts c Different people are more susceptible to weight gain in correlation with overeating d Those who participate in more non exercise activity gained less weight 6 As intentional exercise increases non exercise activity decreases Obesity an Introduction A Incidence and Trends 1 1960s 25 of US adults overweight and obese 2 1970s 25 of US adults overweight and obese 3 1980s 33 of US adults overweight and obese 4 Late 1990s 55 of US adults overweight and obese 5 Now 65 and rising of US adults overweight and obese These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute B C D E 6 Mortality rates increase exponentially with heightened obesity due to effects on the body that induce fat storage blood pressure cancer and heart disease Genetics and the Environment 1 The McCreary Brothers obese identical twins as an example in support of genetics 2 Michael Walker 1200 pound man as an example of the environment 3 Pima Indians two branches exist with one half remaining in Mexico and the other migrating to Arizona a Those in Arizona are the most obese people in the world with an 80 rate of obesity while those in Mexico retain a 20 rate of obesity b The migratory groups lives a sedentary lifestyle with a high fat diet whereas the original group consists of farmers hunters gatherers who partake in low fat diets c The groups have similar genetics with a predisposition for obesity but their lifestyles allow for the expression of the genes 4 Both one s genetics and surrounding environment contribute to risk of obesity Is an obese child likely to become an obese adult 1 Infants are not good predictors of obesity until a minimum age of 2 or 3 2 Childhood obesity does increase risk of adult obesity Can someone safely and effectively lose weight Yes Definition of Obesity 1 Excess body fat 2 The National Institute of Health NIH defines an excess of fat detrimental to health 3 The absolute number is controversial but typically 19 body fat in males and 26 body fat in females is obese 4 Measurement of body composition a Underwater weighing the gold standard as a comparison between one s weight in water and on land b Bioelectrical impedance an electrical current runs through the body to semi accurately convey body composition c Dual x ray absorptiometry expensive d Skinfold thickness inexpensive quick and portable measure of subcutaneous fat 5 Alternative Definitions a Body Mass Index BMI most commonly used but not ideal because someone can be heavy but muscular and not fat b BMI kilograms m2 or pounds inches2 X 703 c Classifications a BMI 18 5 underweight b BMI 18 5 25 healthy weight c BMI 25 29 9 overweight d BMI 29 9 obese d BMI for Age Charts a Charts BMI against age b Different percentiles as charted c Definition in children i At or above the 95th percentile is obese ii At or above the 85th percentile is overweight iii Use older weight for stature charts for children under the age of 2