HES 2823 1st Edition Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture I. Fat Soluble Vitamins (continued)A. Vitamin E (continued)1. Food Source2. ToxicityB. Vitamin K1. Functions2. Deficiency3. Food Source4. AntagonistII. Water Soluble VitaminsA. Vitamin C1. Functions2. Deficiency3. Food SourcesOutline of Current Lecture I. Fat Soluble Vitamins (continued)a. Vitamin C (continued)i. Food Sources (continued)ii. Toxicityiii. Recommended Intakeb. B Vitaminsi. Functionsii. Thiaminiii. Riboflaviniv. NiacinCurrent LectureI. I. Fat Soluble Vitamins (continued)A. Vitamin C (continued)1. Food Sources (continued)a. Preparation of foodsi. Minimize exposure to air (oxidation), heat (accelerates oxidation), and water (as the vitamin is water soluble)ii. Fresh is bestThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Frozen is nearly as good as fresh- Steam (heats food quickly and there is no water to extract vitamins, making it the best)- Stir fry (oil and no water is good)- Microwave- Boiling is not good because of the use of water anlength of heatingo Potatoes are rich in vitamin C but not a good source because of the requirements oftheir preparation- Dried- Canned is not good because of the use of water and length of heating2. Toxicitya. 10x RDAb. Kidney stonesi. Ascorbic acid precipitates out the minerals in the kidneys, calcium in particular), which forms a calcium coating along the inside of the kidneysii. These deposits begin to peel away and travel to the bladder, but they can become lodged along the was, blocking the flow of urine until passedc. “Dependency”i. Not a chemical dependencyii. If someone habitually consumes an overdose of vitamin C and then cuts back significantly, the body continues to filter the same amount as before, draining the body of all vitamin Ciii. Minor symptoms of scurvy can occur at this timed. Gestational scurvyi. During pregnancy, if the mother consumes excess vitamin C, the baby may become used to the large dosesii. After birth under less vitamin C intake, the baby may sufferminor symptoms of scurvy and lack adequate formation of connective tissue formed by collagen3. Recommended Intakea. Based on preventing scurvy: 75-90 mgb. Based on preventing cancer: 100-150 mgB. B Vitamins1. Functionsa. Used to make the body’s co-enzymesb. Enzyme helpers required for most enzymes to function2. Thiamina. Functioni. Metabolism of glucose and fatty acids to produce energyb. Deficiencyi. Beriberi- Occurs in people who consume polished rice as a staple (removal of the hull and germ, which is thelocation of B vitamins)- Nerve degeneration occurs because nerves die due to lack of energy- Tingling becomes numbness and the paralysis- Reversible if thiamin intake is restored- At risk group in the US for Wernicke’s Syndrome: alcoholicso These individuals consume calories primarily through alcohol, and thus are malnourished, especially in thiamin, as thiamin is required from alcohol metabolismo Ataxia, slurred speech, fine motor skills problems occur as symptomsc. Food Sourcesi. Meatii. Enrichment: in grains only, adding back nutrients lost during processing (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin)- Enriched grains: flour, rice, cornmeald. No toxicity3. Riboflavina. Functioni. Metabolism of glucose and fatty acids to produce energyb. Deficiencyi. Dermatitis- The angles of the mouth develop cracks that begin to bleedc. Food Sourcesi. Milk- Riboflavin is a light-sensitive compound destroyed by exposure to sunlight and fluorescent light- The majority of riboflavin is protected in larger containers due to the ratio of surface area to volume- Smaller containers of milk are cardboard because of opacityii. Enriched grainsd. Toxicityi. Bright yellow urinee. Niacini. Function- Metabolism of glucose and fatty acids to produce