HES 2823 1st Edition Lecture 19 Outline of Last Lecture I. Fat Soluble Vitamins (continued)A. Vitamin A (continued)1. Toxicity (continued)B. Vitamin D1. Function2. Deficiency3. Food Sources4. ToxicityC. Vitamin E1. Function2. DeficiencyOutline of Current Lecture I. Fat Soluble Vitamins (continued)A. Vitamin E (continued)1. Food Source2. ToxicityB. Vitamin K1. Functions2. Deficiency3. Food Source4. AntagonistII. Water Soluble VitaminsA. Vitamin C1. Functions2. Deficiency3. Food SourcesCurrent LectureI. Fat Soluble Vitamins (continued)A. Vitamin E (continued)1. Food Sourcea. Vegetable oil2. Toxicitya. To much will not kill youThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Only over consumed through pill supplementsc. Interferes with vitamin K, causing a deficiency in that vitamin, which can lead to hemorrhaging (excessive bruising)B. Vitamin K1. Menaquinone: animal source2. Phylaquinone: plant source3. Menadionne: synthetic vitamin K, mostly commonly put in vitamin pills4. Functionsa. Blood clottingi. Required to make the protein net that forms in place of a cut or abrasion to catch and clot red blood cellsb. Bone formation5. Deficiencya. Hemorrhagingi. Common in US, with newborns at greatest risk- The placenta from mother to baby has two parts: one section filled with mother’s blood and one section filled with baby’s blood- Nutrient exchange occurs across the membrane separating the two- Vitamin K does not cross the membrane well- A risk of brain hemorrhage after birth emerges- To treat this condition, doctors inject newborns with the vitamin or insert drops6. Food Sourcea. Gut bacteria (produce vitamin K that the body can absorb)i. Babies born sterile and deficient in vitamin K with no bacteria to produce itb. Green leafy vegetables are the richest source7. Antagonist to vitamin Ka. Moldy clover contained the antagonist dicoumarol as discovered by researchers at the University of Wisconsin in the 1930sb. They patented the compound as rat and mouse poison and called it Warfarinc. Created the foundation, WARF (Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation), prior to thisd. Anticoagulant prevents blood clottinge. Also used in preventing blood clots in humans as prescribed medicationi. Warfarin is used but called Coumadinii. With the warfarin prescription, the vitamin K intake must remain stablef. WARF is now worth over $1 billion through the sale of Dicon8. No vitamin K toxicityII. Water-Soluble VitaminsA. Vitamin C1. Ascorbic acid2. Functionsa. Antioxidanti. Linus Pauling- 1940s: described the helical structure of protein- 1950s: completed double-helical DNA structure research scammed by Watson and Crick- Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: led charge in the 1960s- Study completed to cure the common coldo Third graders given either the placebo or vitamin C to see if vitamin C intake lessened the risk of the common coldo No one could repeat his study- Book on research regarding vitamin C and cancero Much disbelief within the scientific communityo Work unrecognized but correct because through antioxidants vitamin C does reduce cancer riskso Vitamin C protects cell DNA from damage from free radicals Once damage occurs, the cells eitherdies, repairs the damage, or alters itsstate, becoming cancerous Not the only antioxidant that can do thisb. Required for collagen formation3. Deficiencya. Scurvyi. Historically common in British sailors- So common that in the 1600s, entire British ships would be found floating out in the ocean with theentire crew dead due to the disease- Spanish sailors did not suffer from this- Kind of England had physicians study the problem, who determined that adding citrus fruits to ship provisions could cure the issue- This is why British sailors are still called limeysii. Symptoms- Purplish spots on the skin surrounding hair follicles- Teeth loosen and fall out- Delirium- Slow, painful death4. Food Sourcesa. Fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin Ci. Cruciferous vegetables: broccoli, brussel sprouts, cauliflower, cabbageii. Strawberriesiii. Citrus fruits: oranges, lemons,