HES 2823 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I. Protein Quality (continued)II. Protein RecommendationsIII. CreatineIV. Protein-Calorie MalnutritionOutline of Current Lecture I. Energy BalanceA. CaloriesB. EnergyIN = EnergyOUTCurrent LectureI. Energy BalanceA. calorie: unit of measure of heat energy1. Calorie: the nutritionist’s Calorie differs from the chemist’s calorie2. 1 Calorie = 1000 calories3. 1 Kilocalorie (Kcal) = 1000 caloriesB. EnergyIN = EnergyOUT1. Weight maintained2. Positive EBALANCE: EIN > EOUTa. Weight gain3. Negative EBALANCE: EOUT > EINa. Weight loss4. EIN: found in food intakea. Carbohydrates: 4 Kcal/gramb. Protein: 4 Kcal/gramc. Fat: 9 Kcal/gramd. Alcohol: 7 Kcal/gram5. EOUT: excreted through various means from the bodya. Calories are not excreted through urine as a by-product of carbohydrates, protein, and fatb. Energy expenditure occurs, meaning the calories are used upi. Through heat radiating from the bodyii. Through a change in energy level in the surrounding environmentThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.c. First Law of Thermodynamics: energy is neither created nor destroyed, only moved aroundd. Means of calorie expenditurei. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): calories expended due to sustaining life, which is all expressed as heat- Through liver and brain function (non-moving) and heart and lung function (moving)- Effectors of BMRo Body Size: greater size causes higher BMR However, children are more metabolically active on a per pound basiso Body Composition: fat tissue (storage of calories) and lean tissue Lean tissue is more metabolically active, meaning those with more lean tissue have a higher BMRo Gender: males have higher BMRs than women generally due to greater muscle masseso Age: BMR increases with ageo Eating patterns Under eating Ansel Keys – historical nutritionist, who invented K rations for the military He studied the effects of starvation in order to treat concentration camps after WWII He recruited conscientious objectors and starved them, only to discover that the BMR of subjects decreased on a per pound basis to prevent further weight loss Overeating Vermont Prison Study Originally ordered subjects to consume 10,000 caloriesper day, but when they could not, the amount was lowered to 5,000 calories The study determined that the BMR of the subjects increased Set Point Theory Defense of weight against change by the bodyo Thyroid status Thyroid hormone acts as the major regulator of BMR An artificial increase of thyroid hormone will cause thyroid to stop working and atrophy due to disuseii. Thermic effect of food: energy expended after eatingiii. Physical Activity: bodily exertion- Exercise: intentional- Non-exercise:
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